<p>Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Connecticut is located at 453 Fairfield Avenue. It was designed by landscape architect Jacob Weidenmann  who also designed Hartford&#39;s Bushnell Park. Its first sections were completed in 1866 and the first burial took place on July 17, 1866. Cedar Hill was designed as an American rural cemetery in the tradition of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery straddles three towns. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997, in Hartford, Newington, and Wethersfield. It includes the Cedar Hill Cemetery Gateway and Chapel, also known as Northam Memorial Chapel and Gallup Memorial Gateway, which is separately listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>Cedar Hill Cemetery encompasses 270 acre and includes several historic buildings, including the Northam Memorial Chapel (built 1882), which was designed by Hartford architect George Keller, and the Superintendents Cottage (built in 1875), which continues to be occupied by Cedar Hills Superintendent to this day.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery gates are open from 7:00 am to 8:00 pm, April - September, and from 7:00 am to 5:00 pm during all other months.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>Cedar Hill has many unique monuments. One of the most recognizable is the 18 ft tall pink-granite pyramid, and life-sized angel statue, erected in memory of Mark Howard and his wife, Angelina Lee Howard. Mark Howard was president of the National Fire Insurance Company of Hartford and Connecticut&#39;s first internal revenue collector.</p><br>
<p>John Pierpont Morgans family monument was designed by architect George W. Keller. Made of either red Scottish or Nova Scotia granite, the monument was designed to portray Morgans vision of the Ark of the Covenant.</p><br>
<p>The Porter-Valentine mausoleum features a stained-glass window created by Louis Comfort Tiffany.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>More than 30,000 people are buried at Cedar Hill Cemetery, including many notable people such as:</p><br>
<p>Robert Downing Ames (1889–1931), actor</p><br>
<p>Fern Andra (1893–1974), actress</p><br>
<p>John Moran Bailey (1904–1975), Connecticut politician</p><br>
<p>Henry Barnard (1811–1900), Connecticut educator</p><br>
<p>James Goodwin Batterson, Connecticut businessman</p><br>
<p>Charles E. Billings (1834–1920), engineer, inventor and businessman</p><br>
<p>Thomas Church Brownell, founder of Trinity College</p><br>
<p>John R. Buck, USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Francis M. Bunce, USA Navy rear admiral</p><br>
<p>Eliphalet Adams Bulkeley, Connecticut businessman</p><br>
<p>Morgan Gardner Bulkeley, Governor of Connecticut and member of the Baseball Hall of Fame</p><br>
<p>Ernest Cady (1842–1908), 45th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut</p><br>
<p>George Capewell, Connecticut businessman</p><br>
<p>Charles Chapman (1799–1869), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>William Closson, artist</p><br>
<p>Emily Parmely Collins (1814–1909), suffragist, activist, writer</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Jarvis Colt, Connecticut business woman</p><br>
<p>Samuel Colt, inventor of the Colt revolver</p><br>
<p>Helen Curry (1896–1931), stage actress</p><br>
<p>Katharine Seymour Day (1870–1964)</p><br>
<p>Charles Bancroft Dillingham, Broadway producer</p><br>
<p>James Dixon (1814–1873), USA Congressman and Senator</p><br>
<p>Virginia Dox, frontier educator and popular lecturer</p><br>
<p>Johnny Duke or Giulio Gallucci (1924–2006), professional boxer and coach</p><br>
<p>Edward Miner Gallaudet, teacher</p><br>
<p>Sophia Fowler Gallaudet, teacher</p><br>
<p>Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, educator of the deaf</p><br>
<p>William James Glackens (1870–1938), artist</p><br>
<p>Annie Warburton Goodrich, nurse, first dean of Yale University School of Nursing</p><br>
<p>Charles Keeney Hamilton, aviator</p><br>
<p>Joseph Roswell Hawley, Governor of Connecticut</p><br>
<p>Katharine Hepburn (1907–2003), actress</p><br>
<p>Katharine Houghton Hepburn (1878–1951), women&#39;s rights legal activist</p><br>
<p>Isabella Beecher Hooker (1822–1907), women&#39;s rights legal activist</p><br>
<p>Richard D. Hubbard (1818–1884), USA Congressman and 48th Governor of Connecticut</p><br>
<p>Richard Jarvis (1829–1903), president of Colt Firearms</p><br>
<p>Marshall Jewell (1825–1883), Connecticut businessman.</p><br>
<p>Mary Goodrich Jenson, aircraft pilot</p><br>
<p>John James McCook (1843–1927), professor and theologian</p><br>
<p>Anne Morgan (1873–1952), philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Edwin Denison Morgan (1811–1883), United States Senator</p><br>
<p>Junius Spencer Morgan, financier</p><br>
<p>John Pierpont Morgan Sr., financier</p><br>
<p>Jane Norton Grew Morgan (1868–1925), socialite and wife of J.P. Morgan, Jr.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Wistar Morris (1870–1944), architect</p><br>
<p>Frederick E. Olmsted (1872–1925), forester</p><br>
<p>Peter Davis Oakley (1861–1920), USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Francis Ashbury Pratt, inventor</p><br>
<p>Henry Roberts (1853–1929), Governor of Connecticut from 1905 to 1907</p><br>
<p>Thomas Henry Seymour, Governor of Connecticut</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Shipman (1828–1906), USA Circuit Judge</p><br>
<p>Virginia Thrall Smith, children&#39;s rights legal advocate</p><br>
<p>Griffin Alexander Stedman, United States Civil War general of the Battle of Fort Stedman. The General Stedman monument was sculpted by John M. Moffit.</p><br>
<p>Wallace Stevens (1879–1955), poet</p><br>
<p>Julius L. Strong (1828–1872), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Allen Butler Talcott, artist</p><br>
<p>Isaac Toucey, Secretary of the Navy</p><br>
<p>Reverend Joseph Hopkins Twichell, theologian</p><br>
<p>Robert Ogden Tyler, Civil War general</p><br>
<p>Edward Sims Van Zile (1863–1931), author</p><br>
<p>Loren P. Waldo (1802–1881), USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>Charles Dudley Warner, writer</p><br>
<p>Jacob Weidenmann (1829–1893), Switzerland-born landscape architect</p><br>
<p>Gideon Welles (1802–1878), Secretary of the Navy under Abraham Lincoln</p><br>
<p>Horace Wells, discoverer of anesthesia</p><br>
<p>Amos Whitney, inventor</p><br>
<p>Yung Wing (1828–1912), first Chinese graduate of Yale University</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery: Monuments</h2><br>
<h2>Image gallery: Trees</h2><br>
<p>Trinity Church is an historic church located at 833 Route 12A in Cornish, New Hampshire, in the United States. It began in 1793 as the Episcopal Society and became Trinity Episcopal Church in 1795. Instrumental in its establishment was Philander Chase, son of one of the three founders of Cornish and then a student at Dartmouth College. Chase later became the first bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Ohio, the first bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, and Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Construction of the church began in 1803 and was finished in 1808. On February 1, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Its historic graveyard is known as Trinity Cemetery. After decades of being vacant, the church was reopened in 2004 as Trinity Anglican Church.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>It began in 1793 as the Episcopal Society and became Trinity Episcopal Church in 1795. Instrumental in its establishment was Philander Chase, son of one of the three founders of Cornish and then a student at Dartmouth College. Chase later became the first bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Ohio. Construction of the church began in 1803 and was finished in 1808. Originally part of what is now the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, it became part of newly formed Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire in 1811.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>After being listed on the National Register in 1980, Trinity Church was reconstructed in 1984-1985 by state representative Peter Hoe Burling. In 2004, the conman (and subsequently convicted murderer) known as Clark Rockefeller bought the vacant building. Afterwards, the church reopened as Trinity Anglican Church,</p><br>
<p>Elmwood Park is a residential neighborhood and historic district in what is now the center of Columbia, South Carolina. Founded in the early 1900s, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Elmwood Park Historic District in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land in the neighborhood was originally the State Fair Grounds, beyond the city limits. The area that is now between Park Street and Wayne Street was used for fairgrounds and a race track. After the state fair moved to its current location adjacent to the University of South Carolina&#39;s Williams-Brice Stadium, the various original owners of the area began selling the parcels for real estate development, as well as at least one owner leaving a bequeath in his will for local school development. Eventually, the lots were subdivided and offered to the public at a public auction sale in 1905. This auction date is generally recognized as the establishment of Elmwood Park. As the neighborhood quickly developed, it was annexed by the City of Columbia in 1907. This created the first suburb and the first expansion of the city outside its original planned boundaries.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>The National Register lists 279 homes in the neighborhood, with 219 homes contributing. The housing styles range from Queen Anne style, American Foursquare, gable-front houses, and Colonial Revival houses, to the smaller one-story structures that are predominantly American Craftsman influenced. Brick bungalows are also present, largely later-built from the 1920s and 1930s. A number of shotgun houses still stand in the earliest developed part of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Two historic schools are located in the neighborhood, the still-functioning Logan Elementary, and the former Wardlaw Junior High, which is now a residential senior facility known as Wardlaw Apartments. Logan School is the work of a local architect, J. Carroll Johnson. James Burwell Urquhart, another prominent Columbia architect, designed Wardlaw Junior High School. Logan was built in 1913 and added to the National Register in 1979. Wardlaw was built in 1927 and added to the National Register in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Rohm and Haas Corporate Headquarters in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States was built as the headquarters for the former chemical manufacturing company Rohm and Haas. Completed in 1964, the building was the first private investment for the urban renewal of the Independence Mall area. Only two blocks from Independence Hall the building, designed by Pietro Belluschi and George M. Ewing Co., was lauded for its respect to the nearby park and historical buildings. Philadelphia&#39;s city planners praised the Rohm and Haas Corporate Headquarters as a standard for all redevelopment buildings.</p><br>
<p>The nine-story buildings most notable feature is its translucent, corrugated sunscreens. Supported by aluminum lattices throughout the buildings facade, the sunscreens are made of Rohm and Haas&#39;s principal product, Plexiglas. In 2007 the Rohm and Haas Corporate Headquarters was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and today is considered one of the best examples of the International style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Rohm and Haas Corporate Headquarters was conceived as part of the city of Philadelphias plan to improve and revive the area around Independence Hall. Along with the creation of a park north of Independence Hall, the area saw the construction of new and modern buildings including a federal courthouse, a new Philadelphia Mint and the Rohm and Haas Building. For the revival of the Independence Mall area, city planner Edmund Bacon approached Otto Haas to move Rohm and Haas, a Philadelphia-based chemical manufacturing company, to Independence Mall. According to legend, Haas reportedly said, "This city may or may not survive. But if companies like Rohm and Haas desert it, then surely the city will not survive!" Federal funds for private investors investing in urban renewal land was also a significant factor in Rohm and Haass decision to stay in Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>In 1959 Rohm and Haas, the first private investor to build on the Independence Mall, first commissioned Philadelphia-based George M. Ewing Co. to design their new headquarters. Ewings design was met with a poor response from the City Art Commission, and Rohm and Haas decided on using a leading architect and approached Pietro Belluschi. At the time the dean of architecture and planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Belluschi worked with George M. Ewing Co. to redesign Ewings original plan. The new design was completed in a few months and was approved by Rohm and Haas, the City Planning Commission, the Redevelopment Authority, and the City Art Commission. Construction began in 1963 and was completed in 1964, costing close to US$10 million. Rohm and Haas moved from their old Washington Square headquarters into the new building in 1965.</p><br>
<p>By the 2000s, the Rohm and Haas Corporate Headquarters needed upgrades to its building systems and facilities. The company spent two years deciding whether to renovate its current building or to move to cheaper, more modern space in Center City. In 2006 Rohm and Haas decided to stay in the current building and spend up to US$25 million on renovations. The building&#39;s architecture and layout were the main reason for the company to stay. The building allows single departments to stay together on the same floor, while in a Center City skyscraper departments would likely have to be spread out over several floors.</p><br>
<p>RMJM Hillier was hired to handle the buildings renovations. The original plan was well received but exceeded the renovations budget. To help pay for the renovations, RMJM Hillier tried to get the building declared a National Historic Landmark, which would allow the company to get tax credits. Usually buildings less than fifty years old are not considered, but the building&#39;s significance in Modern architecture kept the state of Pennsylvania and the National Park Service interested. While not designated a National Historic Landmark, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 9, 2007.</p><br>
<p>To help get the Rohm and Haas Corporate Headquarters listed as a landmark, RMJM Hillier and Rohm and Haas focused renovations on opening up floor space and modernizing systems. A part of the original plan that altered the building&#39;s facade was abandoned, but the facade received a thorough cleaning. Inside, most of the enclosed office space was removed and replaced with open workstations. The new layout was also designed to let more light into the interior of the building. The work spaces also received new furniture, which replaced some that dated back to the 1960s. The dining area was moved from the basement to street level in a space that was previously occupied by a bank, but had lain vacant for several years. Security, telecommunications, and central plant systems were also upgraded and modernized. The interior renovations finished around May 2008, with improvements to the surrounding plaza completed several months later.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Starting from George M. Ewing&#39;s original design of an office tower, Pietro Belluschi and George M. Ewing Co. turned the Rohm and Haas Corporate Headquarters into a 300,000 ft&sup2, nine-story low horizontal block. At the corner of 6th Street and Market Street, two blocks away from Independence Hall, the Rohm and Haas Corporate Headquarters front facade runs parallel along 6th Street looking towards the Independence Mall. The reinforced concrete framed building sits on flaring concrete columns and is set back from the street by a raised plaza. The landscaped plaza cuts through the middle of the ground level of the building, opening up to a larger plaza with a fountain and small pool. The plaza behind the building allows public access to an alley that leads to Seventh Street.</p><br>
<p>To help keep the building cool, Belluschi added bronze-colored translucent corrugated panel sunscreens to the facade. Supported by a bronze anodized aluminum lattice, the sunscreens are made of Rohm and Haas&#39;s principal product, Plexiglas. The use of sunscreens and dark colors gave the facade a textured pattern and overall effect of avoiding making the building appear oversized. Besides the sunscreens, Plexiglas was used in the board room, in a few of the artistic commissions and light fixtures by designer György Kepes.</p><br>
<p>The building was very well received by Philadelphia&#39;s city planners, who felt it set a standard for redevelopment buildings. The building was designed to contrast, but not overwhelm the nearby 18th-century Georgian architecture. The Washington Post architecture critic Wolf Von Eckardt praised the building for its sensitivity to the nearby historic buildings, and how it related to the texture and small size of Independence Hall and at the same time the large open space of Independence Mall. The Corporate Headquarters has also been praised for its logical configuration, the building being described as "a very well done rational office building." Today the Rohm and Haas Corporate Headquarters is considered one of the best examples of the International style.</p><br>
<p>The Ford Hospital, also called the Fifth Avenue Hotel, is located in downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Built in 1916 by Home Builders Incorporated, the hospital was a privately operated facility built and operated by Dr. Michael J. Ford. Operating until 1922, it was the last small, private hospital in the city. Originally designed by James T. Allan, the building stylistically is a unique blend of elements from the Second Renaissance Revival and the Arts and Crafts movements. The building was sold and remodeled as the Fifth Avenue Hotel in 1929, a name referring to the nickname Douglas Street obtained after the installation of new electric lights in 1927. The building was again converted in 1987, and currently serves as apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Notable cases</h2><br>
<p>The hospital was instrumental in Omaha&#39;s treatment of the "Great Influenza Epidemic" of 1919. That same year Mayor Edward Parsons Smith was brought to the hospital on September 28, 1919. He was nearly lynched by a mob during the Omaha Race Riot that day.</p><br>
<p>St. John the Baptist Church is a historic Episcopal church located at 118 High Street in the Sanbornville village of Wakefield, New Hampshire, in the United States. Built 1876–77, it is a prominent regional example of Carpenter Gothic architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Information about the church and leadership can be found on their website.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s occupies a triangular lot on the north side of Sanbornville village, bounded by High Street, Wakefield Road (New Hampshire Route 153), and St. John Street. The church is located near the center of the parcel, and is oriented facing west toward High Street; to its south is the rectory, also facing High Street, and the parish hall is on the east side of the lot, oriented at an angle to the other two buildings in order to properly face Wakefield Street.</p><br>
<p>The church is a handsome example of Gothic Revival architecture, designed by Charles C. Haight. It is one of the architect&#39;s earlier works, and is clearly based in part on a design for country churches published by Richard Upjohn in his 1852 book Rural Architecture, but with more elaborate flourishes. It has an asymmetrical cruciform plan with a tower projecting to the right of its street-facing facade. The rectory was added in 1881, and the parish hall in 1894; both are vernacular expressions of late Victorian architecture.</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1876–77, to fulfill the dying wish of Mrs. Josiah Low, a bequest that was seen through by her granddaughter, with additional funds donated by other members of the Low family. The church was consecrated on September 14, 1877, by the Rt. Rev. William Woodruff Niles, the third bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire. Originally set on a much smaller lot, further gifts from the Low family made possible the acquisition of the full 3.3 acre it now owns, as well as the construction of the rectory. The church was a mission of the Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire until it achieved parish status on June 14, 1961.</p><br>
<p>The Sayre Street School  building is located at 506 Sayre Street, in an older residential neighborhood near downtown Montgomery, Alabama. The school was originally built in 1891 by builder J. B. Worthington and served as office space until 2017. The building and surrounding landscape, now abandoned and neglected, have fallen into a state of major disrepair.</p><br>
<p>On February 19, 1982 the building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Chilton College was an institution for the education of girls and young women, established in Montgomery, 1866, by Lavinia Bradford Chilton. It was at first located on Felder Avenue. In 1872, she purchased the building formerly occupied by Cox College, corner of Sayre and Mildred Streets, to which the school was removed. After 10 years successful work, Mrs. Chilton&#39;s health failed, and in August 1882, she sold the property to the City of Montgomery and closed the institution. It was turned over to the city school board which opened it as the Sayre Street Grammar School in the fall of that year, as a part of the municipal school system. The old building had been marked by a marble slab inscribed "Chilton College". To commemorate its existence and also the educational work of Mrs. Chilton, in 1909, this slab was formally placed on the base, and near the northeast corner of the Sayre Street School building by the Peter Forney Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>Cape Nome Mining District Discovery Sites is a National Historic Landmark located in Nome, Alaska. It was named a National Historic Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<p>It was the discovery of gold at several sites by the "Three Swedes" (Erik Lindblom, __, and ___) that set off the Nome Gold Rush.</p><br>
<p>Four sites are included within the NHL District:</p><br>
<p>Anvil Creek Gold Discovery Site, which is separately listed on the National Register</p><br>
<p>Snow Creek Placer Claim No. 1, which is separately listed on the National Register</p><br>
<p>Erik Lindblom Placer Claim, which is separately listed on the National Register</p><br>
<p>Nome Beach, a 12.3 acre area</p><br>
<p>The three Swedes reported they discovered the Erik Lindblom Placer Claim on Mountain Creek on September 19, 1898, the Snow Creek Claim on September 20, and the Anvil Creek Discovery Claim on September 22.</p><br>
<p>Gold mining in the Nome mining district continues to this day.</p><br>
<h2>Anvil Creek Gold Discovery Site</h2><br>
<p>The site by Anvil Creek about 4.25 mi north of what became the city of Nome, in a valley to the west of low, treeless Anvil Peak. It was one of the richest placer claim sites ever found in Alaska and yielded more than $5 million during its first five years. By 1965 the site was "largely returned to nature".</p><br>
<h2>Erik Lindblom Placer Claim</h2><br>
<p>The Erik Lindblom Placer Claim is on Mountain Creek, which is an often dry tributary that joins the Snake River about 5.5 mi inland from the Snake Rivers outlet, at Nome, into Norton Sound on the Bering Sea. The claim is on the "Third Beach", about 79 ft above sea level, which is the furthest inland former seafront in the Nome area. Geologically, a high concentration of gold was produced by ocean waves, similar to the later production of gold concentration on Nomes beach. The site was the first of three gold discovery sites by the three miners.</p><br>
<p>Oddly, ownership of the claim site could not be determined at the time of its NRHP nomination in 1975; the last known owner was "Pioneer Mining Company", more than 50 years before then. In 1975, the area was back to a "natural state", although debris in the form of mining equipment and domestic implements remained. Nothing on the land then distinguished the Erik Lindblom Placer Claim from the surrounding area.</p><br>
<h2>Snow Creek Placer Claim No. 1</h2><br>
<p>The Snow Creek Placer Claim No. 1 is a 635 ft-wide strip running 1,345 ft along Snow Creek, up from its confluence with Glacier Creek, which joins the Snake River about 3 mi further down. Snow Creek is often dry. Placer mining on Snow Creek was nearly exhausted by 1903.</p><br>
<h2>Nome Beach</h2><br>
<p>In 1899, about 1,000 miners in Nome were idle due to the fact that the entire Anvil Creek had been claimed, (and presumably so had all other known placer mining sites in the area). It was fortuitously discovered that the beach at Nome was itself gold-laden, and rockers could garner $20 to $100 each day.</p><br>
<p>Locations of all places having coordinates in this page can be seen together in an interactive map, by clicking on "Map of all coordinates using Open Source Map", on the right side of this page.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Holy Ascension , also known as the Holy Ascension Orthodox Church, is a prominent landmark in Unalaska, the major community of the western Aleutian Islands in southwestern Alaska. The current church was built in 1894, probably on the site of an 1826 church, and likely using timbers and other elements  from the older church. It is one of the oldest churches in Alaska, and is significant as the site from which missionaries brought their religion to the local Aleut people. This evangelization effort was so successful that todays Aleut population is still strongly Orthodox. The church was declared a National Historic Landmark for its architecture, and for its role in the history and culture of Alaska. It is the second cathedral church of the Orthodox Church in America Diocese of Alaska, after St. Michaels Cathedral in Sitka .</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Church of the Holy Ascension is located in Unalaska, a community of about 4,000 on the north side of Unalaska Island, the largest of the western Aleutian Islands. It stands roughly midway on a peninsula dividing the Ililiuk River and Ililiuk Bay, west of the main part of the community. The church stands on a property known as the "Russian Greek Mission Reserves", a 1.5 acre area on which the bishop&#39;s residence also stands.</p><br>
<p>The church is a wood-frame structure, cruciform in shape, with a belltower at its western end. The tower is 52 ft tall, starting as a square structure, which rises to a cornice with shallow center gables on each cornice, and an octagonal cupola topped by a green onion dome, which is capped by an Orthodox cross. The tower is connected to the nave of the church by a gable-roofed narthex. The nave is rectangular, with a hip roof capped by a cupola similar to, but smaller than, that on the tower. Hip-roofed wings containing chapels extend north and south from the near the eastern end of the nave. The apse is at the far eastern end of the structure, with a hip roof that rises only to the level of the cornice of the nave. All of the roofs are covered in wooden shingles painted red; the domes are covered in tarpaper which is painted green.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church has a fairly uncomplicated layout. The first floor of the tower acts as a vestibule, while the narthex area provides spaces for storage and stairs leading to the choir loft and the belfry, the latter occupying the tower&#39;s second level. The floors of the church are wooden, and painted red throughout. A red carpet leads through the nave to the eastern end of the building, where the main iconostasis and altar are located. The chapel to the north is dedicated to Saint Innocent of Irkutsk; that to the south is dedicated to Saint Sergius of Radonezh.</p><br>
<p>The structure has undergone only modest alterations since its construction in 1894 to 1896, and underwent a major restoration in 1998.</p><br>
<h3>Bishop&#39;s house</h3><br>
<p>The bishop&#39;s house stands several hundred feet from the church. It is a modest two-story wood-frame structure, 28 ft by 32 ft, clad in shiplap siding. Single-story wings extend to the east and west of the main block. The cornices of the second story roofline have elaborately carved friezes and carved wooden corbel blocks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Aleutian Islands were discovered by Russian fur hunters in the mid-18th century, and a Russian establishment existed at Unalaska as early as 1778, when British Captain James Cook explored the area. The first known religious building, a small chapel, was built in Unalaska in 1808, but there was no regular priest. The first significant effort by the Russian Orthodox establishment to evangelize the local Aleut population began in 1795, when a monk named Macarius arrived at Unalaska and baptized most of the native population. In 1824 Reverend Ivan Veniaminov arrived in Unalaska as its first permanent priest, and led the construction of a church not far from the site of the 1808 chapel. Veniamov, later canonized as Innocent of Alaska, was an energetic force in the growth of the church in western Alaska. He developed an alphabet for the Aleut language, and established a school to teach the natives to read and write. Veniaminov spent ten years in Unalaska before being assigned to Sitka, where he engaged in similar activities with respect to the Tlingit people. He was, during his long career in Alaska, a significant ethnographic resource, noted even by modern historians for the quality of his observations.</p><br>
<p>By 1858 the church Veniaminov built was failing due to the harsh climate, and a new church was built, using timbers from the older one. In the 1880s, after a period of decline in the church, Bishop Nestor commissioned the construction of the bishops house after a visit to Unalaska in which his accommodations were in the living quarters of the local cannery workers. As part of this work a school building was also erected, to which the bishops house was originally attached; this survived until it was destroyed by fire in 1960, singing the walls of the house in the process.</p><br>
<p>The present church was built from 1894 to 1896, after the arrival of Reverend Alexander Kedrovsky. By this time Unalaska had achieved its place as the major port in the western Aleutians, and had grown into a small town. The district Kedrovsky oversaw extended to include the Fox and Pribilof island groups, and to communities on the Alaskan peninsula. It is believed that the north chapel of the present church is on the location of the original 1826 church, and that timbers were used from the old structure in construction of the new one. There is also evidence suggesting that the iconostasis in that chapel is Aleut craftsmanship dating to 1824.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the native population of the area was evacuated to southeastern Alaska. The valuables of the church were preserved, despite the use of the church facilities by the nearly 60,000 troops stationed at Dutch Harbor. Although the population returned, the effects of the relocation were profound, and the church has declined in the region since the war. Icons from smaller community churches are now displayed in the chapel of St. Sergius.</p><br>
<p>Cabarrus Youth Development Center  is a juvenile correctional facility of the North Carolina Department of Public Safety located in unincorporated Cabarrus County, North Carolina, near Concord.</p><br>
<p>The historic Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School was established by an act of the state legislature in 1907 and opened in 1909 as the first juvenile detention facility in North Carolina. The school was named for Confederate General Stonewall Jackson. The institution is located three miles (5 km) from Concord. Walter Thompson was the first principal. Originally encompassing 290 acre, the campus is 800 acre, 58 acre of which are still used, with 5 buildings on the property. As of 2018–19, the Youth Development Center had 107 residents and the Juvenile Detention Center had 26, with full-time equivalent staff of 257.</p><br>
<p>Due to the school&#39;s pioneering status and the quality of several of its early buildings, the Stonewall Jackson Training School Historic District has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This designation includes 71 acres and 50 buildings.</p><br>
<p>It was previously operated by the North Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Established to provide a place for troubled youths separate from adult prisoners, this was considered a progressive institution. Its founding was the result of twenty years of organizing by white women&#39;s groups in North Carolina. They lobbied for construction of a reformatory for white boys as part of prison reform.</p><br>
<p>Particularly influential were the Kings Daughters (North Carolina) from 1902 on, and the Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). The North Carolina Federation of Womens Clubs (NCFWC) and the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) also participated in campaigning strongly to raise funds and influence the legislature. When the Kings Daughters promised to name the school after General Stonewall Jackson, many Confederate veterans in the legislature finally approved the project, which was authorized in 1907. As a sign of their influence, four women were named to the board of the school.</p><br>
<p>Boys were generally incarcerated for relatively minor scrapes with the law, including school truancy.</p><br>
<p>At the school, the young men lived in a series of dormitory style buildings, and received an academic education as well as learning a trade. Students worked in industries including shoemaking, printing, barbering, textiles, and a machine shop. Many of the young men worked on the school&#39;s farm, learning modern agricultural techniques, and maintaining the fields and cattle herds that supported the school. The print shop produced a small newspaper called The Uplift.</p><br>
<p>Both white and African-American women&#39;s groups pressed the legislature for similar facilities for white girls, and for African American boys and girls. Such facilities were not constructed for several years: the first, for white girls, was built in 1918 in Moore County and called Samarcand.</p><br>
<h2>Post-World War II</h2><br>
<p>In 1948 as part of continuing statewide efforts to limit "feeblemindedness" and improve the population, the Stonewall Jackson Training School was the site of sterilization by vasectomy of six teenage white males, in operations authorized by the state Eugenics Board. Most sterilizations were performed on girls and women rather than boys or men. North Carolina was one of the last states that continued to perform sterilizations on people under state care.</p><br>
<p>During the decades of its existence, the School was criticized for abuses common in many detention facilities, such as overcrowding and prisoner violence. At its peak the facility held about 500 youths. At times there were inhumane conditions in which youths were attacked and raped by other inmates. Prison activist Russell Smith stated he suffered such attacks there when imprisoned in the 1960s from age 13–15. As an adult (and after time in state and federal prisons), Smith became an activist against prison violence, founding both the National Gay Prisoners Coalition (NGPC) and, in 1980, People Organized to Stop Rape of Imprisoned Persons (POSRIP).</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, ideas about treating youths changed, and they were seldom incarcerated for offenses as minor as delinquency. The state reduced the population at the facility. The size of the campus had been reduced earlier when the extensive agricultural program was dropped. Later called the Stonewall Jackson Youth Development Facility, it was used for serious offenders involved in drug abuse and weapons-related charges. About 150 young men were generally held there. Sixty acres of the facility were enclosed by a 15 ft-high fence.</p><br>
<p>Starting in 1992 the center had a Pet Therapy Program, in which youth learned to care for dogs. Animals were sometimes made available for adoption outside the center.</p><br>
<p>Architectural historian Peter Kaplan, speaking to a 2014 meeting of the Historic Cabarrus Association, called the historic campus "which I understand is now completely vacant... a remarkable collection of Colonial Revival buildings and one of Cabarrus County’s most impressive architectural groupings."</p><br>
<p>As of 2015 23 of the 60 structures were used, and most of them were used for storage purposes.</p><br>
<p>As of 2019, the Stonewall Jackson Youth Development Center served "at-risk youth", allowing them to attend high school or receive a GED. In 2020, the center was renamed Cabarrus Youth Development Center.</p><br>
<p>In 2020, North Carolina State Senator Paul Newton sponsored a bill transferring the historic campus to Cabarrus County along with 238 acre Frank Liske Park, which was a farm used by the school and became a park in 1979, leased to the county since then. Demolition of the historic buildings would cost $3.8 million but selling the buildings increases the chance for preservation. This bill has become law.</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<p>Cape Field at Fort Glenn was a military site significant for its role in World War II. It consists of Fort Glenn, an airfield of the United States Army Air Corps later renamed Cape Air Force Base, and the adjacent Naval Air Facility Otter Point, both located on Umnak Island in the Aleutian Islands of southwestern Alaska. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>Because of the perceived vulnerability of Alaska immediately following the Pearl Harbor Attack, additional Army Air Forces units were authorized by General Henry H. Arnold for Alaska and plans were made to send modern aircraft to the Territory to replace the obsolete aircraft assigned. However the Alaskan Air Force had few airfields to accommodate the additional aircraft and units being assigned.</p><br>
<p>Along with new airfields on the mainland and Southwest Alaska, new air bases were planned for the air defense of the Aleutians to Dutch Harbor. Construction of the new bases on Umnak and Cold Bay began in January 1942 in secret, with construction reportedly disguised as a cannery. The first United States Army engineers landed at what would become Fort Glenn Army Air Base on 17 January and construction began by the end of the month. A Naval airfield, Otter Point Naval Air Facility was adjacent to the Army Airbase. The 807th Engineering Battalion (Aviation) was brought in from Yukat to perform the construction along with a detachment of the Navy Seabee 8th Construction Battalion.</p><br>
<p>Plans called for three hard-surfaced runways (four were eventually built), however time was of the essence in the construction of the base, as the air defense of Dutch Harbor was dependent on them. Instead of a hard surface, engineers chose to use a new material, Pierced Steel Planking (PSP), which could be laid down quickly over a compressed gravel subsurface to provide the airfield with an all-weather capability. There were 80,000 pieces of matting which needed to be barged to the island. Construction crews worked in three shifts, 24 hours a day laying down the runways and constructing a rudimentary support station, water and sewer lines, an electrical grid, communications, fuel and munitions storage sites and all the other necessities to convert a remote island site into an operational airfield capable of supporting heavy bombers. A 5,000 PSP runway was completed on 5 April although a C-53 was first plane to land on the field was on 31 March. The main runway was officially opened on 23 May. Fort Glenns first runway was then the USA Army&#39;s most westerly airfield in the Aleutian Islands."</p><br>
<p>The first operational unit, the 11th Fighter Squadron, moved into Fort Glenn with P-40 Warhawk fighters on 26 May from Elmendorf Field. Additional construction continued throughout 1942 with four 5&#39;000 x 175 foot runways were completed (06/24, 07/35), two of which (03/21, 04/22) were situated only 10 degrees apart. All runways had four layers of asphalt laid down over the PSP. Two additional emergency landing fields were built, one on the north coast of the island (North Shore) 53&deg;30&prime;45&Prime;N latitude, 167&deg;55&prime;18&Prime;W longitude, 9.4 miles north; the other 7.7 miles to the west-southwest of the base near the Tullk Volcano (Pacifier) 53&deg;19&prime;35&Prime;N latitude, 168&deg;03&prime;23&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>Morrison-Knudsen Construction Company built hundreds of Quonset hut structures on the base, replacing the temporary tents which exposed the construction crews to the sudden storms which swept the island frequently. Housing & messing facilities for 119 officers & 359 men were constructed as well as recreational and service buildings. Storage facilities consisted of 6,975 square feet for general stores & a 150-cubic-foot freezer. Buildings for aircraft included a kodiak-type hangar, 160 x 90, a squadron warehouse, and a terminal for air transport service. Administration offices were housed in 5 buildings with a total floor space of 3,850 square feet. Radio facilities included a transmitting station, a direction-finder station, and a radar station, all with separate power houses & with housing & messing provisions for personnel. The hospital, located in one small building, contained 8 beds. The maintenance force of the station was installed in 7 buildings. Electric power was provided by 3 diesel-electric generators.</p><br>
<h3>Aleutian Islands Campaign</h3><br>
<p>On 3 June 1942 the Imperial Japanese Navy launched two aircraft carrier raids on the United States Army barracks and the US Navy base at Dutch Harbor on nearby Amaknak Island. The attack was a surprise, however the base been on alert for an attack for many days, although there was no specific warning of the attack before the Japanese planes arrived over Dutch Harbor. The attack signaled the beginning of the Aleutian Islands Campaign. In response, the P-40s of the 11th Fighter Squadron from Fort Glenn AAB along with Naval land-based fighters attacked the Japanese aircraft. Eleventh Air Force also dispatched aircraft from Elmendorf Field. In the ensuring battle, the United States Navy lost four PBYs, and Eleventh AF lost one B-17, two B-26s and one LB-30 (B-24A) bombers and two P-40 fighters. The Japanese lost two A6M "Zero" fighters, and possibly a third due to ground anti-aircraft fire. One A6M "Zero", three D3A "Val" dive bombers and one E8N "Dave"reconnaissance seaplane were shot down in aerial combat.</p><br>
<p>Eleventh Air Force also dispatched B-26 Marauder medium bombers of the 77th Bombardment Squadron. They arrived about noon to locate the Japanese aircraft carriers and counterattack, however they landed at Fort Glenn about 1:30pm due to fog and low visibility. The Marauders were carrying airborne torpedoes, rather than contact bombs which they were designed to carry. In addition to the Dutch Harbor attack, Japanese forces landed on Kiska Island on 6 June; Attu Island on 7 June, seizing both.</p><br>
<p>The Japanese attacks on Dutch Harbor, however inflicted only minor damage on the base, which were quickly repaired. The mission of Fort Glenn Army Air Base was changed to serve as the initial forward base to launch bombing attacks against the Japanese forces in the Aleutians. Known Air Force units deployed to Fort Glenn were:</p><br>
<p>28th Bombardment Group</p><br>
<p>343d Fighter Group</p><br>
<p>By the close of 1942, Fort Glenn AAB had 10,579 personnel assigned, but its role as an advance air base had been supplanted by new air bases on Adak and Amchitka Islands in early 1943 farther to the west. By the end of the year, the base had become a backwater; its mission had become the provision of housing and rations for transient personnel and the servicing of transient aircraft.</p><br>
<h3>Closure</h3><br>
<p>After the war ended, Fort Glenn remained open as a refueling stop for transient aircraft in the Aleutians along with Military Air Transport Service flights using the Great Circle Route from Japan to the United States. The main runway, however was extended to 8,300&#39; to accommodate large, long range aircraft. By 1946, the base was manned only by skeleton staff due to the rapid demobilization of the Air Force.</p><br>
<p>The last Air Force personnel were withdrawn by 30 September 1947, and the base was put on inactive status and was effectively abandoned. It was decommissioned in 1950 and the site was excessed between 1952 and 1955 to the Bureau of Land Management. The land was later transferred to a variety of owners, including Alaska Native corporations and the State of Alaska. Today hundreds of buildings, runways, and World War II artillery emplacements remain in various states of deterioration.</p><br>
<p>Today Fort Glenn AAF is a virtual ghost town—except for a family of cattle ranchers who have renovated several World War II buildings and who call the base home. The expanse and undisturbed quality of the resource make Fort Glenn AAF an outstanding conceptual model for landscape preservation. In 1991, National Park Service historians visited the site to review the World War II-related construction, infrastructure, landscape, and objects.</p><br>
<p>It was determined that any environmental cleanup should be designed to remove loose cables, transformers, hazardous material, toxic waste, and ordnance. Nontoxic World War II-related objects such as empty barrels could be left in place; full barrels would be, of course, another issue. All other buildings, structures, and infrastructure—no matter how "unsightly"—would be left intact and preserved: in this case preservation can simply mean avoidance and the acceptance that the buildings and structures have a definite place within the landscape.</p><br>
<p>On Saturday July 12, 2008, nearby Mount Okmok, erupted, sending ash 50,000 feet in the air and forcing the evacuation of the residents of the ranch. The eruption obliterated all remains of the South Pacifier Emergency landing strip, although some evidence of remains still are visible in aerial imagery.</p><br>
<p>Fort William H. Seward, also known as Chilkoot Barracks and Haines Mission, is a site at Port Chilkoot in Haines Borough, Alaska, about 0.5 mi from the city of Haines. It was the last of a series of 11 military posts established in Alaska during the gold rush era, and was Alaska&#39;s only military facility between 1925 and 1940. It provided a policing presence for miners moving into the gold mining areas in the Alaskan interior, and a military presence during negotiations over the nearby international border with Canada. The fort is named for William H. Seward, the United States Secretary of State who oversaw the Alaska purchase.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fort was formally authorized by an executive order of President William McKinley in December 1898. United States Army troops had been stationed unofficially in the area during that year. Between 1902 and 1904, a formal infantry outpost consisting of 85 wood-frame buildings was constructed under the supervision of Colonel W. P. Richardson, and was formally named in 1904. It was first occupied by three companies of the Third Infantry, previously stationed at Camp Skagway. By 1909 the fort had grown to cover more than 4,000 acre. It was formally renamed Chilkoot Barracks in 1922, honoring the local Chilkoot people and the Chilkoot Trail used during the gold rush.</p><br>
<p>Between 1921 and 1925 all other military installations in Alaska were shut down; in 1927 Fort Seward was manned by a force of 255. The fort was formally deactivated in 1945, and sold to the Port Chilkoot Company. The property has been developed as an art colony; it includes housing and art galleries, and accommodations for tourists.</p><br>
<p>The fort was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Fort William H. Seward first appeared separately on the 1910 USA Census and in 1920. Its name was changed to Chilkoot Barracks in 1930 and 1940, before its closure in 1945. It has since been annexed into the City of Haines.</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located on the village green in the village of Highgate Falls in Highgate, Vermont, in the United States. Built 1829–30, it is prominent local example of a Federal style church with Gothic Revival features. On September 3, 1976, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church stands on the east side of the village green in Highgate Falls, near the southern end of the elongated green. It is a single-story brick building, with a gabled roof. The front facade is three bays wide, with Gothic-arched windows flanking a central projecting gabled entry. The double-door entrance is topped by a fanlight, and there is a Palladian window with an arched center above. In the gable of the projection is a Federal style louvered fan. A square tower rises, set astride the boundary between the main roof and the projection. It has a round panel in the first stage, and the second stage is an octagonal louvered belfry.</p><br>
<p>The church was built between 1829 and 1830 by Joel Whitney of Enosburg, and was consecrated on May 21, 1834, by the Rt. Rev. John Henry Hopkins, the first bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Vermont. Its design is similar to a plan found in Asher Benjamins The Country Builders Assistant, a design book of Federal architecture, but it has been modified with Gothic features. The congregation was a full parish until 1896. Since then it has been under the jurisdiction of Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, Swanton, whose current rector is the Rev. John R. Spainhour.</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Brown House, at 726 West Onondaga Street in Syracuse, New York, is a Richardsonian Romanesque mansion in Potsdam sandstone and Spanish tile home built in 1895. It was the home of Alexander T. Brown, inventor and co-founder of Franklin Motors and the Brown-Lipe-Chapin Company, a firm that was absorbed into General Motors.</p><br>
<p>Brown was a successful inventor and manufacturer. His specialty was transmissions adapted from bike chain derailleurs, but is also known for inventing the shifting carriage that allowed typewriters to have multiple cases or fonts, patented a breech loading shotgun that became Hunter Arms and as any inventor would he added technology into the house. He added such engineering features to the house as a terra cotta shaped glass tile-covered skylight to bring natural light into the attic, a basement to attic hydraulic elevator, and a house-wide vacuum cleaning system.</p><br>
<p>The 5,500 sf carriage house is known to have held up to ten cars and had a car lift installed so that the projects he was working on could be brought up and out of the cold and into his workshop where his drivers were often known to have lived and assisted. He held the largest collection of military weaponry in private hands during his day and was also known to have kept a live bear in what was once a stable for the horses who once pulled his carriages from the carriage house behind the main house on West Onondaga Street.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Main Street Historic District in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, United States, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The district is composed of 51 buildings on or within a block of Main Street.</p><br>
<p>Although many of the storefronts have been remodeled over the years, the original decorative brickwork is still visible on the upper levels of most buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Main Street is the oldest street in Fort Atkinson. It was originally part of a military road that connected Fort Dearborn to Fort Winnebago. The first white settlers arrived in the 1830s and settled on both sides of the Rock River. Soon after, a wooden bridge was built linking North and South Main Streets.</p><br>
<p>From the 1840s to the 1870s, Main Street had mostly wood-frame stores with wide shingled canopies resting on wooden posts. In the 1880s these small frame shops gave way to the buildings that exist today – two- and three-story brick buildings constructed with local cream brick, and adorned with fancy cornices and dentils. Canvas awnings replaced wooden canopies.</p><br>
<h2>Main street bridge</h2><br>
<p>There have been three bridges crossing the Rock River at this location. Prior to the building of the first one in 1843, people and wagons would attempt to ford the river or were ferried across. City founder Dwight Foster operated the first ferry service using rafts and dugout canoes. The first bridge was a flimsy wooden structure built by local pioneers with material that were at hand. In 1870 an iron bridge costing $9,400 replaced it. A second iron bridge was built in 1881. In 1909 this structure was widened, with an elevated bandstand in the shape of a stockade constructed in the center. The present concrete bridge was built in 1917.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>The buildings include:</p><br>
<p>The Albert Winslow Grocery at 131 N Main St was built in 1857, three-story brick Italianate-styled, with fancy metal lintels over the windows. It housed a grocery store at street level and a Good Templar hall on the third floor. Winslows brother had a doctors office in the building and Lucien Caswell started the first bank in town on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The Reuben S. White Building at 101 S Main St was built in 1871, a two-story brick corner building with round-arched windows and a molded brick cornice. It initially sold drugs and groceries. Later shoes, variety, hats, and women&#39;s clothes.</p><br>
<p>The Langholf Hotel and Saloon at 225-229 S Main St is a two-story cream brick building with a molded brick cornice, built in 1875. It also housed the Farmers Home Hotel and served as a boardinghouse. It is Fort Atkinsons only hotel building left from the 1800s.</p><br>
<p>The Hoard Block at 228 S Main was built one story tall in 1883 by John Becker and served as the Hoard printing plant until 1908. In 1914 a second story was added. It housed a hardware store from 1936 to 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Hahnemann Lodge at 100 N Main St was built in 1883, a two-story brick-veneered building with corner quoins, elaborate window hoods, and elaborate cornice with false gables. It housed a grocery store from 1883 to 1942, then George Wilson&#39;s fur and clothing store. In the early years it also hosted the Hahnemann Lodge, German-speaking Odd Fellows. The design is Italianate, but has a German flavor.</p><br>
<p>The IOOF Lodge #24 at 201 S. Main St is a two-story corner brick building with a large arched cornice and excellent brickwork, built in 1884. It housed a grocery store on the first floor and above that the Knights of Pythias, English Odd Fellows, and a labor temple.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. L.C. Bicknell Building at 96-98 S Main St (on left in photo above) is a three-story cream brick structure built in 1886 with arched windows with keystones and an elaborate cornice. Originally Ed Hausens barbershop was in the first floor corner, with W.D. Powells shoes and boots to the north, Theodore Notbaums harness shop in the rear, and Dr Bicknells office on the second floor. A hat shop replace the barber shop in 1925, and the building housed Gebhardt&#39;s hardware store from 1926 to 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Downing Block at 234 South Main was built in 1888 as a furniture store. William D. Hoard bought it in 1891 for his expanding publishing company. Hoard had his office on the second floor. From 1910 to 1970 it was again used as a furniture store.</p><br>
<p>The Fred Dawes Bakery at 226 S. Main St is a two-story brick building with pilasters between the windows, metal lintels on the windows, and a fancy metal cornice. It housed a bakery until 1909, later a billiards room, grocery store, and restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The Andra Block at 79 N Main St is a two-story cream brick building built in 1894 with corbelled cornice, and a Queen Anne-styled orieled bay. It housed a saloon until 1897, then a jewelry store until 1905.</p><br>
<p>The Peter Imig Building at 99 S Main St was built in 1895, a two-story cream brick corner building with fine brickwork. It housed Becker&#39;s dry goods store until 1918, then Nieperts clothing store until 1976.</p><br>
<p>The George Wilson Building at 200 N Main St was built in 1895, a two-story brick meeting hall with Romanesque Revival round arches, brick in two colors, and a Victorian cornice. It housed a dry goods store and upstairs an Odd Fellows meeting hall. Around 1909 it housed City Hall and the fire department.</p><br>
<p>The Heuchtel Building at 96 N Main St is a two-story brick store built in 1895 with large round-arched windows on the second story, detailing in the brick, and a Victorian cornice. The building housed a grocery and tailor shop until 1935, then a clothes store.</p><br>
<p>The Hoard Block at 232 S Main was built in 1895, and housed A.R. Hoards Better Sox Knitting Mills. Later Roys barber shop.</p><br>
<p>The Abe Mack Building at 112 N Main St was built in 1898, a two-story cream brick building with an elaborate cornice, built by mason John Becker. Mack sold carriages, bikes, pianos, and real estate.</p><br>
<p>The A.E. Kump Building at 117 N Main St is a two-story brick store built in 1901. It housed Giles Hibbard&#39;s bakery from 1907 to 1919, and the K&F Restaurant from 1940 to 1970.</p><br>
<p>The A.C. Krueger Block at 18 S Water St was built in 1901, a two-story cream brick building with a tall triangular pediment and decorative corbeling. Gustav Neth began construction and operated a tavern there briefly, until his contractor sued him and he was jailed for forgery. Then his brother-in-law Krueger completed the building. Krueger ran the tavern until 1906, when it was replaced by the Spaeth Brewery until 1968, then Jim Vance&#39;s tavern.</p><br>
<p>The W.D. Hoard Publishing Co. at 28 Milwaukee Ave W is a small office building, one-story cream brick in Neoclassical style, designed by George Ferry and built in 1908, from which Hoard&#39;s Dairyman magazine is published.</p><br>
<p>The Creamery Package Manufacturing Co. at 201 N Main St is a five-story factory built in 1919 of reinforced concrete. Martin Tullgren and Sons of Milwaukee designed it in 20th Century Commercial style. The business began in 1866 as Cornish and Curtiss making rectangular butter churns, and expanded to make pasteurizing machines, cream ripeners, bottle washers, and other dairy equipment. By 1917 it was the largest dairy equipment company in the world, and employed 400 people in Fort Atkinson.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank at 70 N Main St is a Neoclassical building constructed in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The Black Hawk Tavern at 9 Milwaukee Avenue West was built in 1915. Before it, Milo Jones built the Green Mountain House hotel on the site in 1848. It was later known as the Higbee House, the Snove Hotel and Hotel Fort. In 1915 Frank Hoard and Harry Curtis built the Black Hawk Tavern adjoining the hotel. In 1929 the Green Mountain House was torn down and replaced by the present Black Hawk Hotel, a three-story red brick building designed by John G. Shodron.</p><br>
<p>The Municipal Building at 111 N Main St was built in 1929, designed by James Law in Neoclassical style. The building housed city offices, a gym, a stage, and police and fire departments.</p><br>
<p>Powder House Square is a neighborhood and landmark rotary in Somerville, Massachusetts, United States. It is also known locally as Powder House Circle. It is the six-way intersection of College Avenue, Broadway, Warner Street, and Powder House Boulevard. Powder House Square stands at the southern tip of Tufts University&#39;s main Somerville/Medford campus, and borders the northern edge of Nathan Tufts Park. The square takes its name from the 18th century Powder House, which overlooks the rotary from Nathan Tufts Park.</p><br>
<p>Powder House Square was home to one of the first hostile acts of the American Revolution. The removal of colonial gunpowder by British soldiers, and the massive popular reaction known as Powder Alarm that ensued, are considered to be a turning point in the events leading up to war.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Broadway was one of the earliest highways running through what would later become Somerville, originating in the 17th century. Originally called "Menotomie&#39;s Road," it ran from Charlestown to the settlement at Menotomy (present-day Arlington).</p><br>
<p>Powder House Boulevard was created in 1900, extending northwest from Broadway at Nathan Tufts Park. According to a plaque placed at the center of the rotary island, the circle was dedicated in 1940 as the James A. Reynolds Traffic Circle, in honor of a Tufts College professor.</p><br>
<h3>Old Powder House</h3><br>
<p>First built for use as a windmill by John Mallet in the early 1703 or 1704, the Old Powder House was sold to the colonial government of Massachusetts for use as a gunpowder magazine in 1747. It is the oldest stone building in Massachusetts. Located at the intersection of Broadway and College Avenue in present-day Powder House Square, the Old Powder House held the largest supply of gunpowder in the colony. General Thomas Gage, who had become the military governor of Massachusetts in May 1774, was charged with enforcement of the highly unpopular Intolerable Acts, which the British Parliament had passed in response to the Boston Tea Party. Seeking to prevent the outbreak of war, he believed that the best way to accomplish this was by secretly removing military stores from storehouses and arsenals in New England.</p><br>
<h3>Powder Alarm</h3><br>
<p>Just after dawn on September 1, 1774, a force of roughly 260 British regulars from the 4th Regiment, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Maddison, were rowed in secrecy up the Mystic River from Boston to a landing point near Winter Hill. From there they marched about a mile to the Powder House, and after sunrise removed all of the gunpowder. Most of the regulars then returned to Boston the way they had come, but a small contingent marched on to Cambridge, seizing two field pieces from the Cambridge Common. The field pieces and powder were then taken from Boston to the British stronghold on Castle Island, then known as Castle William (renamed Fort Independence in 1779).</p><br>
<p>In response to the raid, amid rumors that blood had been shed, alarm spread through the countryside as far as Connecticut and beyond, and American Patriots sprang into action, fearing that war was at hand. Thousands of militiamen began streaming toward Boston and Cambridge, and mob action forced Loyalists and some government officials to flee to the protection of the British Army. This action provided a "dress rehearsal" for the Battles of Lexington and Concord seven months later in the famous "shot heard &#39;round the world". This did however, inflame already heated feelings on both sides and would spur actions by both British and American forces to move both powder and cannons to secure locations.</p><br>
<h3>After the Revolutionary War</h3><br>
<p>Massachusetts began storing gunpowder elsewhere and sold the land containing the Powder House to Peter Tufts in 1818. The estate, known as the Powder House Farm, was used as a farm and residence for the Tufts family for most of the 19th century, passing to Peter&#39;s heir, Nathan Tufts. Incidentally, another Tufts relative Charles Tufts donated the land across Broadway on the Somerville/Medford line to found Tufts College (now Tufts University). The college was founded in 1852, on Walnut Hill slightly to the north of present-day Powder House Square.</p><br>
<p>In the 1870s, a pickle and condiment manufacturer named George Emerson began making pickles nearby, housing his business in a large shed that he moved to the property from another location in Somerville. The powder house itself, with its two-foot thick stone walls, was well-insulated and made a perfect place for storing Emerson&#39;s "Old Powder House Brand" pickles.</p><br>
<p>The descendants of Nathan Tufts donated the Powder House Farm along with its namesake structure to the city in 1890, and from this Nathan Tufts Park was established in 1893.</p><br>
<p>The Field House was constructed in 1935-36 using stones from the 1934-demolished Somerville Highlands railroad station, which had closed in 1927 when passenger service on the Fitchburg Cutoff ended. Sponsored by the Federal Relief Administration as a Work Projects Administration Project, it has served many purposes over the years, including as an office for the Draft Board, then for the Traffic and Parking Department, and most recently as a Youth Program center. The building underwent significant repairs and restoration work both inside and outside during 2001–2002, and is now available for public use by petition.</p><br>
<p>In celebration of its 100th birthday, the City of Somerville (whose seal had previously depicted George Washington) created a new city seal, featuring the Powder House.</p><br>
<p>Nathan Tufts Park (along with the Powder House) was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, the first of many landmarks in Somerville to be added. The City of Somerville designated the park a local historic district in 1985.</p><br>
<p>An accidental fire damaged the Powder House in 1998, leading to extensive repairs and renovations in 2000–2001.</p><br>
<h3>Powder House Square today</h3><br>
<p>Small bronze sculptured monuments can be seen around Nathan Tufts Park referring to the site&#39;s past uses as a farm, a mill, storage for gunpowder, and even a pickle factory.</p><br>
<p>The island within the actual traffic circle is a tiny park on its own, complete with walkways, benches, and neatly arranged bushes and other flora. There is a large 360 degree directional post that points in the direction of dozens of different communities (like Arlington, Medford, and Winchester).</p><br>
<p>Powder House Square is located less than a half mile from Davis Square, Teele Square and Ball Square in Somerville. It is served by MBTA buses 80 (Arlington Center/Lechmere), 89 (Clarendon Hill/Sullivan Square), 94 (Davis Square/Medford Square), and 96 (Harvard Station/Medford Square). Red Line subway service to Harvard Square and downtown Boston is conveniently close at Davis Square Station. Powder House Square is approximately one mile from Exit 31 of I-93.</p><br>
<p>An MBTA station at Ball Square, part of the Green Line Extension project, is a short walk from Powder House Square, making it now within a half mile of the Green Line in addition to the nearby Red Line station at Davis Square.</p><br>
<p>Several businesses thrive on or around Powder House Square, including restaurants, several small medical and dental practices, and a funeral home.</p><br>
<p>The Merchants Avenue Historic District in a residential neighborhood southeast of the downtown in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, composed of 33 mostly large homes on large lots within six city blocks around Merchants Avenue. It was placed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Because of its proximity to the Main Street mercantile area, Merchants Avenue became a natural residential location for many businessmen and professionals. Home designs were influenced by the gilded age attitude toward architecture. This resulted in many different architectural styles used in the district, including Greek Revival, Italianate, Second Empire, Queen Anne and Spanish Colonial. The predominant building materials used were either the locally manufactured yellow brick or wood, framed into houses with clapboard walls and shingled roofs.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>These are some of the notable buildings in the district, listed in the general order built. The procession of architectural styles is similar to the rest of southern Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>The Dwight Foster house at 414 Foster Street is Fort Atkinson&#39;s oldest frame house. It was built in 1841 by Charles Rockwell and sold to Foster a few years later. The house has a simple gabled-ell form with Greek Revival style frieze and cornice returns. In the early years Foster used the house as an inn and post office. It was first built on Main Street, but later moved to its current site at the Hoard Museum. The lumber used was floated down the Rock River from Watertown. Wooden pegs are used throughout and it has cherry cellar stairs.</p><br>
<p>The Peter Craig house at 513 Foster St. is a cottage built of cream brick in 1855. Its style is Gothic Revival, characterized by the steep roof, the delicate brackets, and symmetry.</p><br>
<p>The Arthur R. Hoard House at 323 Merchants Ave is the most elaborate building in the district. It was built between 1853 and 1865 for George P. Marston as a 2-story Italianate house, then expanded and restyled as Queen Anne in 1898 by Hoard.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Winslow house at 109 S. Third St is a small, Second Empire-style house built in 1861 with a central front tower.</p><br>
<p>The Hoard Historical Museum at 407 Merchants Avenue was built in 1864 for merchant Reuben White, a two-story brick house with Gothic Revival brackets under the eaves. A wing was added in 1875 and in 1906 Frank Hoard doubled the size of the building and renovated it with an Arts and Crafts motif. The Hoard family donated the building to the city in 1956 for use as a museum. Since then three major additions have been added, including the National Dairy Shrine in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The M.H. Ganong house at 332 Merchants Ave is a fine 2-story cream brick Italianate home built 1871–73, with broad eaves, oculus windows, and other windows with carved hood molds. Ganong was a prominent merchant, ran a stagecoach line, and served as mayor and postmaster. In the 1930s Harriet Hoard Becker remodeled the house.</p><br>
<p>The Frank Allen house at 507 Foster is another 2-story cream brick Italianate house with wide eaves and hood molds above the windows, built in 1876 with a 2-story bay window on its south side.</p><br>
<p>The Horace Willard/Della & Chester Caswell house at 303 Merchants Ave is a two-story house with a Second Empire-styled mansard roof built in 1881. Otherwise it is rather like the Italianate houses above, with cream brick walls, hood molds above the windows, and a two-story bay window. The home is accompanied by a mansard-roofed garage. Horace Willard, a physician, had it built for his daughter Della and her husband Chester Caswell, who was a banker.</p><br>
<p>The George Klein house at 500 Whitewater Ave is a 2.5-story house with a somewhat Craftsman style and a carriage house out back.</p><br>
<p>The Herbert Vickery house at 430 Whitewater Ave is a 2.5-story late Queen Anne-styled house built in 1908 for Vickery, a merchant. Hallmarks of the style are its asymmetry, the corner tower, and the complex hip roof. A 2-story horse barn sites toward the back of the lot.</p><br>
<p>The O.W. Donkle house at 506 Whitewater Ave is a 2.5-story house built in 1910 for Donkle, a cashier at Fort Atkinson Savings Bank. The general massing and varied textures are Queen-Anne-ish. The Palladian windows, returned eaves, and pediment in the front porch are Classical Revival details, which is a typical mix for late Queen Anne.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Episcopal Church at 302 Merchants Ave is a Spanish Colonial Revival church built in 1928. It has a stucco exterior, buttresses, and a stylized bell tower. The church was designed by Eschweiler and Eschweiler of Milwaukee.</p><br>
<p>The Zimmerman House is a house museum in the North End neighborhood of Manchester, New Hampshire. Built in 1951, it is the first of two houses in New Hampshire designed by Frank Lloyd Wright , and one of a modest number of Wright designs in the northeastern United States. The house was built for Dr. Isadore Zimmerman and his wife Lucille. The house is now owned by the Currier Museum of Art because of the Zimmermans&#39; decision to donate the home to the public after their death. The museum provides tours of the building, which is the only legal access to the grounds. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Zimmerman House is located in a residential setting in northern Manchester, New Hampshire. It is a single-story structure, set on a floating concrete slab. with an open carport at one end. The interior is largely finished in cypress wood.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed in 1950 by Frank Lloyd Wright in his Usonian style for Dr. Isadore and Lucille Zimmerman. It has two bedrooms, is based on a four-foot module, and is constructed of red glazed brick with Georgia cypress trim (less expensive than tidewater cypress). John Geiger, then an apprentice in Wright&#39;s Taliesin Fellowship, was sent to New Hampshire to supervise the construction of the Zimmerman house. He was responsible for the completion of the project and much of its final changes for the clients. Wright redesigned the house around a rock just outside the front entrance.</p><br>
<p>The property was maintained by the Zimmermans according to Wright&#39;s plan, and was donated to the Currier Museum of Art in 1988. The museum offers tours of the property with shuttle service to the house, in order to minimize traffic in the residential neighborhood. No other access to the property is permitted.</p><br>
<p>The Kreidersville Covered Bridge, which was built in 1839, is the last remaining covered bridge in Northampton County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1959, inspired citizens of Northampton County rallied for the preservation of this historic structure after it became known that the State Highway Department had developed plans to replace it with a new concrete bridge. This structure then became one of the first covered bridges to be recognized for preservation by a committee of enthusiasts when those residents formed The Theodore Burr Covered Bridge Society of Pennsylvania, which they named after the arched truss that was patented by Theodore Burr and used in this bridge&#39;s construction.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, The Burr Covered Bridge Society, together with The Harmony Grange and local citizens, influenced Northampton County Commissioners to accept ownership after the Pennsylvania State Highway Department restored the bridge.</p><br>
<p>On September 30, 1961, state, county, and local representatives took part in rededicating the bridge, then known as Solts Bridge. Kreidersville Covered Bridge was once known in the community as "Hummels - Kochs - Solts Bridge." They were names of families who lived near the bridge at the time.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural features</h2><br>
<p>The Kreidersville Covered Bridge crosses the Hokendauqua Creek. A Burr truss, wooden, covered bridge, it is 116 feet long, and is the last stop on the Lehigh Valley Covered Bridge tour through Northampton and Lehigh counties.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>New Market, as it was originally known, and later also known as Head House  Market and Second Street Market, is an historic street market which is located on South 2nd Street between Pine and Lombard Streets in the Society Hill neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. With a history dating to 1745, it is one of the oldest surviving market buildings of its type in the nation.</p><br>
<p>This portion, which survives from a longer structure originally extending all the way to South Street, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966, and is the centerpiece of the Head House Square historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Established on Lombard Street in 1745 by mayor Edward Shippen and Joseph Wharton, a wealthy merchant, and named "New Market" to distinguish it from the established market on High (now Market) Street, the market was used well into the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>It originally consisted of sixteen stalls created by two rows of brick pillars supporting a gable roof and arched ceiling over an open market area, known as the Shambles.</p><br>
<p>By 1797, it had extended to South Street, where it ended in a firehouse, which was later demolished, and eventually extended north to Pine Street as well.</p><br>
<p>In 1804, Joseph Wetherill, a wealthy merchant and master builder, encouraged the City of Philadelphia to erect the Head House at the north end of New Market (Second Street), for which he loaned the city $1,000.</p><br>
<p>The Head House, a Georgian-style brick firehouse with Federal-style ornamentation, was built at the north end of the market; the building&#39;s cupola once housed a firebell.</p><br>
<p>The firehouse is the oldest extant in the United States, and is now used as a community center.</p><br>
<p>The market reached its greatest extent, all the way to South Street, by 1811. The market section between Pine and Lombard underwent a major restoration in 1923, which replaced the roof and a number of brick piers. The Head House has also undergone restoration.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark on November 13, 1966. It is a contributing property of the Head House Square National Historic District. It was restored in 1994 by the Head House Conservancy, a non-profit organization.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, a modern steel-and-glass retail and restaurant complex called NewMarket opened east of the historic market between Pine and Lombard Streets. The center struggled to attract customers and was essentially vacant by 1988. An early 1990s revival as a cabaret entertainment district was short-lived. The complex was demolished in 2002 and its site was subsequently redeveloped.</p><br>
<h2>Head House Square</h2><br>
<p>The area around the building, known as Head House Square (or Headhouse Square), features cobblestone streets and a park, as well as one of the oldest continuously run farmer&#39;s markets in the nation.</p><br>
<p>The farmer&#39;s market is open on Sundays from the first week in May through the week before Christmas, from 10 am to 2 pm, selling locally grown produce and other farm products.</p><br>
<p>The area, which comprises twenty-two contributing properties over 9.9 acre, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The houses surrounding the square are from the late 18th to early 19th centuries, and the area was extensively restored in the 1950s and 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The houses have always been used both as residences and as commercial buildings. Most are typical middle class examples of their time, though the John Ross House at 401 S. 2nd was one of the largest townhouses of its day. It was visited by George Washington.</p><br>
<p>The Hu. Hotel is a luxury boutique hotel in Downtown Memphis, Tennessee, United States, located in the historic former Tennessee Trust Bank building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1905, the 14-story Tennessee Trust Building was among downtown Memphis first "skyscrapers." The buildings architects, the firm of Charles 0. Pfeil (1871–1952) and George M. Shaw (1870–1919) were noted at the time for designing buildings with ornate, classical styling and massing. The building was constructed with a large underground vault, which is currently re-purposed as the hotel gym. The scroll pattern on the west facade of the Tennessee Trust Building is visible on other downtown Memphis buildings from the era designed by Shaw & Pfeil. For instance, the firm&#39;s Memphis Fire Engine House #1 (1910) and the Memphis Police Station (1911) are on the National Register of Historic Places. The Tennessee Trust Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h3>Hotel conversion</h3><br>
<p>In 2002, Unison Hotel Co. acquired the deteriorating structure and converted it into an upscale 110-room boutique hotel, the Madison Hotel. In 2016, the hotel was sold to the Chicago-based Aparium Hotel Group, which renamed it the Hu. Hotel in 2018.</p><br>
<p>The Lembeck and Betz Eagle Brewing Company was founded in 1869 by Henry B. Lembeck and John F. Betz in Jersey City, in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. The brewery, bounded by 9th, 10th, Grove, and Henderson streets in downtown Jersey City, developed into one of the most famous, best-equipped, and financially successful breweries on the East Coast of the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1849 Henry Lembeck left the German military and immigrated to the US. He found work as a carpenter and opened up a grocery store, In 1869 he and John F. Betz formed Lembeck and Betz Eagle Brewing. Betz himself apprenticed with his brother-in-law, D.G. Yuengling, which is why he insisted on using the eagle as an homage to Yuengling. In 1889, Lembeck started producing lager beer in addition to the traditional pale ale they had been brewing. The brewery grew through the later part of the 19th century, eventually occupying seventeen city lots. The company was incorporated in May 1890. Since 1869, the brewery grew to become the fourth-largest brewery in New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>Lembeck died in 1904 and his sons Gustav and Otto took over running the brewery. The brewery closed during Prohibition. The facility was later sold and converted into a refrigeration plant. The area, designated as the Lembeck and Betz Eagle Brewing Company District, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 21, 1984, for its significance in architecture, economics, industry, and community planning and development. The brewery buildings were demolished in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Mary D. Hume was a steamer built at Gold Beach, Oregon in 1881, by R. D. Hume, a pioneer and early businessman in that area. Gold Beach was then called Ellensburg. The Hume had a long career, first hauling goods between Oregon and San Francisco, then as a whaler in Alaska, as a service vessel in the Alaskan cannery trade, then as a tugboat. She was retired in 1977 and returned to Gold Beach. In 1985 she sank in the Rogue River and has remained there ever since as a derelict vessel on the shoreline. The Hume is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mary D. Hume was built of local timber at Gold Beach. The keel, measuring 10 in by 36 in by 140 ft long was described as the "largest stick of square timber ever floated down Rogue River."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>R. D. Hume was a pioneering businessman at Wedderburn and Gold Beach, then known as Ellensburg. By 1881, he had established a fish cannery and built Mary D. Hume, to support the cannery operation. Mary D. Hume passed through several owners and a number of changes and reconstructions, and served as late as the 1970s, the oldest serving commercial vessel on the West Coast.</p><br>
<p>The first eight years of the Hume&#39;s career were spent hauling cargo between San Francisco and Gold Beach. In 1889 the Hume was bought by the Pacific Steam Whaling Company, to be used to catch whales in the Arctic. She was re-rigged as a brigantine. Her first expedition spanned 1890–1892, catching 37 whales for a cargo worth $400,000. The second voyage lasted from 1893 to 1899, with relief crews sent to Herschel, Canada. In 1900 the Hume became an Alaskan cannery tender for the Northwest Fisheries Company, receiving a new steam engine between 1900 and 1904. After sinking in ice in the Nushagak River she was repaired in Seattle. In either 1906 or 1908 she began work for the American Tug Boat Company of Everett, Washington towing logs and barges on Puget Sound. Her superstructure was altered at this time. A third new engine was installed in 1939, salvaged from the Columbia River lightship. In 1954 a 600 hp diesel engine was installed and the superstructure was altered to its present configuration. In 1973 the Hume was bought by the Crowley Maritime Corporation and was used as a tugboat. She was retired in 1977, and reconditioned by Crowley in 1978 prior to her return to Gold Beach.</p><br>
<h2>Current wreck</h2><br>
<p>An effort was organized to preserve Mary D. Hume as a museum ship, but a mechanical failure caused her to slide off the sling and into the mud at Gold Beach and an unrelated lawsuit over ownership of the vessel dissipated the funds of the Curry County Historical Society which had planned to restore the vessel. Even so, the Mary D. Hume is on the National Register of Historic Places, and her wreck can still be seen in Gold Beach.</p><br>
<p>The Hume was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 1, 1979, when she was afloat and berthed on the Rogue River. Repairs started in 1985, but an accident led to her sinking. Efforts were made to survey and raise her, but there were no funds to make the effort. In 1992 the Hume&#39;s status on the National Register was reviewed. The review concluded that her hull still held significance and she was retained on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Community Place, in Skaneateles, New York, was built in 1830. It was photographed by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1963 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>It was a relatively successful Fourierist commune for three years, Skaneateles Community.</p><br>
<p>It is now known as Frog Pond.</p><br>
<p>It is located south of Skaneateles Falls, New York, at 680 Sheldon Road.</p><br>
<p>The Reuel E. Smith House  located at 28 West Lake Street in Skaneateles, New York is a picturesque house designed by Alexander Jackson Davis, and later modified by Archimedes Russell. It was built during 1848–1852 and is a "good example of the Gothic Revival mode, which was a reaction against the stringencies of the Greek Revival style" as exemplified by the nearby Richard DeZeng House. It is the only house designed by Davis in Onondaga County that has survived since the demolition of the Charles Sedgewick Cottage on James Street in Syracuse.</p><br>
<p>The house was photographed by Historic American Buildings Survey photographer Jack Boucher in 1962. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It has been portrayed in several artworks.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, State Commissioner of Parks and Recreation Orin Lehman said that the Reuel E. Smith House "embodies some of the major currents of mid-nineteenth century thought in literature and art as well as architecture."</p><br>
<p>In 1981, the Reuel E. Smith House received a federal Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service grant for restoration of the pink stucco exterior, the roof, and the chimneys, which described the home as "an excellent example of Gothic revival style" with "considerable intrinsic merit."</p><br>
<p>The home was built for Reuel Smith, partner in a New York City shipping firm. His son E. Reuel Smith inherited the estate. "E.R.", as he was called, was a prominent figure in the village having married into Skaneateles "royalty", his wife being Elizabeth DeCost. (Elizabeth DeCosts great-grandfather was William J. Vredenburg, one of the earliest settlers of Skaneateles.) E.R. died at the home in 1911. Their son, DeCost Smith, noted painter of the American West, was born at the Reuel Smith House. Reuels grandson Sedgwick married Elsa Watts Smith, who in 1975 sold the property to Robert & Shirley Feldmann. The Feldmanns sold the property in April 2017. The current owners of the home are Justin and Dr. Rebecca West Reeves.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The home is constructed of brick covered with stucco, and originally sat upon an estate of approximately 20 acres. The stucco has been painted several times over the years. As of 2009, the exterior was a pink tone with a darker salmon color applied to the bargeboards (sometimes called "gingerbread" or vergeboard). As of 2019, the exterior was a gold tone with off-white applied to the bargeboards. As detailed in the National Register of Historic Places Inventory, the fenestration (window design and placement) is largely symmetrical, typical of the architectural style, and includes a central protruding oriel window on the second floor on the east front. Above this oriel window is an oculus with quatrefoil wooden tracery. The main entry is a four-centred arch flanked by sandstone labels painted off-white to match the ornamentation of the bargeboards. The first floor is largely encircled by a porch, which is adorned with iron ornamentation in the form of oak leaves and acorns. The large picture window on the north side of the structure, now looking out from the current kitchen, was added in 1926 by Archimedes Russell. The bargeboards were removed in 1940, but later replaced. The floors, originally pine, were replaced in 1941 with walnut. The interior walls – brick covered with plaster – are ten inches thick. Fireplaces with white marble mantels are original on both floors.</p><br>
<h2>Alexander Jackson Davis</h2><br>
<p>Named by The Metropolitan Museum of Art as one of Americas most notable architects, Alexander Jackson Daviss career peaked in the 1840s and 1850s, during the design of this home. Davis is admired as the preeminent designer of "country" homes. His approach to Gothic Revival was something prominent Americans sought out and cherished, from Samuel F. B. Morse and Jay Gould to successful merchants like Reuel Smith. While others of his era were building box houses, Alexander Jackson Davis pushed boundaries. His homes incorporated peaks, extensions in many directions, unique windows, and verandas, all of which can be found in the Reuel E. Smith House. Davis&#39;s unique decorative style has adorned landscapes across the Northeast and the Hudson River Valley. Many of the homes he designed have been demolished.</p><br>
<p>Davis was a friend of American landscape designer and Gothic Revival advocate Andrew Jackson Downing, who likely influenced Davis&#39;s design of the Reuel E. Smith house, including its interior design.</p><br>
<p>St. Albans Episcopal Church is an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of New York, in the United States. The building is an historic Carpenter Gothic style church now located at 76 St. Albans Place in Eltingville, Staten Island. It was built in 1865 as the Church of the Holy Comforter at what is now 3939 Richmond Avenue, the present site of the South Shore YMCA, and was designed by Richard Michell Upjohn, the son of the noted Carpenter Gothic architect, Richard Upjohn. In 1873, the building was split in half and moved to its present location, where it was re-assembled and expanded. In 1951, Holy Comforter absorbed the congregation of nearby St. Annes Episcopal Church, Great Kills, and changed its name to St. Albans. St. Anne&#39;s had been founded in 1929 as an offshoot of Holy Comforter.</p><br>
<p>On October 29, 1982, St. Alban&#39;s was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 1984, it acquired an 1883-vintage Hook & Hastings organ, believed to be the oldest pipe organ that currently exists in a Staten Island church.</p><br>
<p>North Hall was the University of Wisconsin&#39;s first building. Built in 1851 in the woods and brush that would become Bascom Hill, this one building was the UW for its first four years, housing both dorm rooms and lecture halls. John Muir resided in North Hall when he was a student at the university from 1860 to 1863.</p><br>
<p>In 1965 North Hall was listed as a National Historic Landmark. It currently houses the offices of the political science faculty at the university.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city of Madison was established as the capital of Wisconsin Territory in 1836. By 1838, the wooded hill west of the capitol was optimistically being called "College Hill," though there was no college. In 1848 the University of Wisconsin was established by the state legislature - the same year Wisconsin became a state. But there was not a single building yet. In February 1849, under the mantle of the new university, Dr. John Sterling commenced a preparatory school for twenty boys downtown in a room of the Madison Female Academy.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, Chancellor Lathrop, Regents Mills and Dean, and Milwaukee architect John F. Rague drew up a general plan for university buildings. A "main edifice" would stand at the top of College Hill. Down the hill from it would be four dormitories, "each building to be four stories high, 110 feet in length and forty feet in breadth, containing thirty-two studies for the use of students, each study having two bed-rooms and a wood room attached." Rather than construct the main edifice (classrooms and offices) first, the university built the dormitory North Hall in 1851. Rague designed it in Greek Revival style, clad in sandstone, very much as described above.</p><br>
<p>North Hall was built in 1851, with construction overseen by James Livesey. Its first three floors were dormitory organized into suites where each suite had a study room and two bedrooms. The fourth floor housed lecture rooms, study rooms, and a chapel. The first year there were 30 students, three faculty, and a janitor. Faculty were Chancellor Lathrop, Professor Sterling, and O.M. Conover. The janitor lived in the hall with the students and on cold days in winter the students called for the janitor to stoke the furnace. "Wood up John! Wood up!" At first the building was heated by two hot-air furnaces. Students hauled their own water from a nearby well. Toilets were outside - simple privies. The first class began at 6am and the last ended at 9pm, with a curfew at nine.</p><br>
<p>This one building held all functions of the university for the first four years. Then in 1855 South Hall was completed across the mall - also designed by John Rague and very similar to North Hall on the outside.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War stoves were put in each room of North Hall and students had to fuel them, often with wood from the forest nearby. John Muir lived in the dormitory during this period, from 1861 to 1863. At some point a mess was set up in the first floor of North Hall, where students could eat for about eighty cents a week.</p><br>
<p>North Hall continued to serve as a dormitory until the huge new Science Hall burned in 1884. In the ensuing space crunch, North Hall was converted fully from a residence hall to instructional space and offices. It has since housed the pharmacy school, German and Scandinavian studies, math, the Madison Weather Bureau, and the political science department.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>North Hall was opened at the University of Wisconsin on September 17, 1851, as the North Dormitory. The sandstone building, which cost $19,000, was typical to educational buildings of the era. The four-story building is rectangular, has a hipped roof, and features little decoration. The east and west facades have ten bays; the center four project slightly beyond the other six. Single-door entrances are found on these facades near the ends. A plain yet deep cornice decorates the roofline. Windows and doors have plain lintel blocks and eight interior chimneys protrude from the roof.</p><br>
<p>The exterior has retained its original appearance. The interior has been largely remodeled, although original staircases are in place and some rooms maintain their original arrangements.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>In 1965 North Hall was declared a National Historic Landmark. The exterior is little changed from when this building was the germ of the university that would advance the Wisconsin Idea - the idea that the benefits of the university should reach every family of the state. It did this by developing the agricultural extension courses, which helped farmers be more productive and safer, and by providing expertise to government during the Progressive Era, advising on such innovations as primary elections, workers&#39; compensation, and progressive taxation.</p><br>
<p>The University of Wisconsin Armory and Gymnasium, also called "the Red Gym", is a building on the campus of University of Wisconsin–Madison. It was originally used as a combination gymnasium and armory beginning in 1894. Designed in the Romanesque revival style, it resembles a red brick castle. It is situated on the shores of Lake Mendota, overlooking Library Mall, and adjacent to Memorial Union.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Around the time of the construction of the building, labor riots had occurred in a number of cities in the United States, including the Haymarket riot in Chicago in 1886. Leaders in many cities saw the need for local armories to be prepared for worker strikes and uprisings. Thus, when funding the building, the Wisconsin legislature clearly saw its use by local militia. The architects, Conover and Porter, designed it with a dual purpose in mind: armory and gymnasium. Modifications were made to the plans when a new university president, Charles Adams, insisted that the second floor be capable of accommodating large assemblies. Construction began in fall, 1892, and was completed in September, 1894.</p><br>
<p>As originally constructed, the first floor of the Red Gym held military offices, an artillery drill room, bowling alleys, a locker room, and a swimming tank. The second floor contained a drill hall wide enough to permit a four-column battalion. The third floor was occupied by the gymnasium, which contained a baseball cage, gymnastic apparatus, and rowing machines. Two rifle ranges and a running track were on a level a few steps lower than the gym.</p><br>
<p>Over the next 30 years, the second floor assembly hall was the scene of speeches by William McKinley (1894), William Jennings Bryan (1912), Eugene Debs (1923), Upton Sinclair (who in 1922 had to promise not to be controversial), and the Republican state conventions of 1902 and 1904, which nominated Robert M. La Follette for governor.</p><br>
<p>The anti-military sentiment in Wisconsin that occurred after World War I resulted in the elimination of compulsory military training. The Red Gym was also no longer used for Big Ten basketball games following the construction of the university field house in 1930. In the 1930s and 1940s, much of the first and second floors was partitioned into offices. With diminishing use of the building after World War II, plans were made to demolish it; however, popular sentiment delayed those plans. When a new gym was constructed on the west end of campus in 1963, the building was again slated for demolition, and again received a reprieve. In the 1960s, it once again saw military use as ROTC headquarters. A firebomb aimed at the building by anti-war protesters in 1970 resulted in severe damage, which was repaired. Since then, the building has seen various administrative uses; it currently houses student services-related offices and centers.</p><br>
<p>The University of Wisconsin Armory and Gymnasium was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993.</p><br>
<p>University of Wisconsin Science Hall is a building on the campus of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. It is significant for its association with Charles R. Van Hise, "who led the Department of Mineralogy and Geology to national prominence" and then served as president of the university.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Science Hall is a U-shaped, three story building built in a Romanesque Revival motif. It was designed by Milwaukee architect Henry C. Koch and was later altered during construction by Allan D. Conover, a professor of civil engineering at the school. Rhyolite ashlar provides a bright red exterior. The main facade of the building is 205 ft long and overlooks Park Street. It features a five-story tower with a hipped roof. Wings stretch to the west from the north and south. There are four three-story towers on each corner of the wings. A small, three-story round tower is found on each courtyard side of the two wings on the western extremity. Roofs were originally slate, but were replaced with asphalt shingles in 1992. A terra cotta hip roll decorates the towers below the roofs. There are sixteen brick chimneys throughout the building, all featuring a corbelled top.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When completed in 1888, Science Hall was one of three instructional facilities at the University of Wisconsin. It originally hosted courses in geology, geography, physics, zoology, limnology, botany, anatomy, bacteriology, and medicine. The building helped to cement the university as one of the nation&#39;s leading geology schools. Science Hall was home to the first American courses in sedimentation, oceanography, and engineering geology. This was due in large part to its leading geologist, Charles R. Van Hise.</p><br>
<p>Other prominent scientists associated with the building are Van Hise&#39;s mentor, geologist Roland Irving, geologist Charles Leith, geologist Eliot Blackwelder, geologist Warren J. Mead, geologist William H. Twenhofel, geographer Arthur H. Robinson, geographer Lawrence Martin, geographer Yi-Fu Tuan, geomorphologist Armin K. Lobeck, geographer Vernor C. Finch, physicist Benjamin W. Snow, physicist Robert W. Wood, physicist Augustus Trowbridge, physicist Charles Mendenhall, physicist Edward Bennet, limnologist Edwin Birge, and anatomist Charles Russell Bardeen. In this building H.L. Russell carried out research that eventually led to the elimination of tuberculosis in USA dairy cattle. And from this building physicist Earle M. Terry and his students transmitted the first audio from their pioneering radio transmitter 9XM in 1917.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The University of Wisconsin Dairy Barn is a building located on the campus of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Built in 1897, the building played an important role in the field of dairy science during the 20th century. It has been used both as a teaching facility and as a site for agricultural research. It is significant for its association with the single-grain experiment, performed from 1907 to 1911 by Stephen Babcock. The UW Dairy Barn was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Dairy Barn is a complex of six attached buildings. The main dairy barn fronts the complex along Linden Avenue and is 86 x. A trio of buildings is attached at the rear (south): a 70 x young livestock barn on the west, a 70 x classroom and stock judging area in the center, and a 70 x cow barn on the east. Also attached to the barn is a 60 x litter shed, a 40 x milk shed, and a 70 x livestock barn. Tracks from the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad run just to the south of the complex.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The University of Wisconsin College of Agriculture was founded in 1889. Founding dean William Arnon Henry moved the program from South Hall onto its own, four-building campus. Henry became a leading researcher and writer on feeding livestock, especially after the 1898 publication of his Feeds and Feeding. Stephen Moulton Babcock, the department chair of agricultural chemistry, convinced Henry to build a station to study cattle feeding. Initially, Henry refused because he did not believe a chemist could appropriately study the field. Babcock continued to petition the university for the building and finally animal husbandman W. L. Carlyle agreed in 1897.</p><br>
<p>Carlyle and Babcock set up an experiment testing if salt was required in a dairy cow&#39;s diet. When one of their eight salt-deprived cows died, the experiment was halted. In 1901, Henry consented to allow Babcock to oversee an experiment comparing feed types, though he limited it to two animals and the experiment had inconclusive results. In 1907, after establishing a long-term testing plan, Babcock started the single-grain experiment. Cattle received rations from a single plant, though they were balanced so that each animal received sufficient nutrients. By the time the experiment ended in 1911, it was clear that the corn-fed group was significantly healthier than those fed oats, wheat, or a mixture of the three. The study was published that June and catalyzed the international study of nutrition.</p><br>
<p>Other important studies conducted in the barn complex was the selective breeding experiment of the early 20th century, artificial insemination projects in the 1930s, and gonadotropic hormone studies in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The Battle Monument, located in Battle Monument Square on North Calvert Street between East Fayette and East Lexington Streets in Baltimore, Maryland, commemorates the Battle of Baltimore, with the British fleet of the Royal Navys bombardment of Fort McHenry, the Battle of North Point, southeast of the city in Baltimore County on the Patapsco Neck peninsula, and the stand-off on the eastern siege fortifications along Loudenschlager and Potters Hills, later called Hampstead Hill, in what is now Patterson Park since 1827, east of town.</p><br>
<p>It honors those who died in September 1814, during the War of 1812. The monument lies in the middle of the street and is between the two Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses that are located on the opposite sides of North Calvert Street. It was sponsored by the City and the "Committee of Vigilance and Safety" led by Mayor Edward Johnson and military commanders: Brig. Gen. John Stricker, Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith and Lt. Col. George Armistead (of Fort McHenry).</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The site of the former first Baltimore County and Town/City Courthouse, torn down in 1809, was originally designated as the location for the newly planned Washington Monument. Designed by Robert Mills (1781–1855), the cornerstone of the Washington Monument for Baltimore had just been laid on Independence Day, July 4, 1815. Fears that the designed shaft of the column would be too tall for the smaller open space of the old Courthouse Square, and might fall over onto nearby close-in townhouses, caused a last-minute change in location. The monument site for the nations first president was moved further north of the city into "Howards Woods" of the "Belvindere" estate of Col. John Eager Howard (1752–1827).</p><br>
<p>The monument was built in 1815–25, and is 39 feet (11.9 m) tall. It was designed by Baltimore architect J. Maximilian M. Godefroy, sculptor to the Court of Spain. The base of the monument is an Egyptian Revival cenotaph. It is an unusually democratic monument for the time in that it records the names of all who died, regardless of rank. The eighteen layers of the marble base represent the eighteen states that made up the United States at the time of the war. A griffin is at each corner of the base. The column, carved as a Roman fasces, is bound with cords listing the names of soldiers who died during the battle, while the names of officers who died are at the top.</p><br>
<h2>Female statue</h2><br>
<p>The monument is topped by an 8 feet tall 2,750 pound Carrara marble statue by Antonio Capellano, of a female figure representing the City of Baltimore wearing a crown of victory, holding a laurel wreath in one hand and a ship&#39;s rudder in the other. It was hoisted to the top of the column during the middle of the period of construction on the eighth anniversary ceremonies, Defenders Day, September 12, 1822.</p><br>
<p>Colloquially called Lady Baltimore, the statue was relocated to the Maryland Historical Society on October 5, 2013, in order to preserve it from further damage caused by time and nature. It was replaced by a concrete replica. The monument is the oldest stone monument and first public war memorial in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Seal of Baltimore</h2><br>
<p>The monument is depicted on the seal of the City of Baltimore that was adopted in 1827 and the city&#39;s flag adopted in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Depictions in film</h2><br>
<p>The monument is erroneously depicted as being in Washington, D.C. in the 2007 film Live Free or Die Hard starring Bruce Willis, which had numerous scenes actually filmed in downtown Baltimore.</p><br>
<h2>Inclusion in heritage registries</h2><br>
<p>The Battle Monument was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 4, 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Pleasant View Home is an historic senior citizen residential facility located at 227 Pleasant Street in Concord, New Hampshire, in the United States. On September 19, 1984, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>From 1892 to 1908, Mary Baker Eddy, an American religious leader, lived in a house at this location which was also called Pleasant View; but her home was torn down in 1917. There has sometimes been some confusion between the two buildings over the years since both were known as "Pleasant View".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Mary Baker Eddy years</h3><br>
<p>Mary Baker Eddy, an American religions leader and the founder of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, lived in a house on 227 Pleasant Street known as "Pleasant View" from 1892 until 1908, at which point she moved to an estate at 400 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. She was well known in Concord, New Hampshire, where Pleasant View was located, and gave money to various philanthropic causes of the city— including providing shoes for local children; and contributing funds for paving streets, the State Fair Grounds, and the local Christian Science church.</p><br>
<p>Eddy took many significant steps in the foundation of her church while living at Pleasant View, including the publishing of a number of books such as Christ and Christmas (1893), Pulpit and Press (1895), the Church Manual (1895), Miscellaneous Writings (1897), and a major revision of Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1902); starting the weekly Christian Science Sentinel and Bible Lesson in its current form, and the monthly Der Herold der Christian Science in German; and organizing the Christian Science Board of Lectureship, Board of Education, Committee on Publication, and the Publishing Society. It was also during this time when the original edifice and extension of The First Church of Christ, Scientist in Boston were built and dedicated.</p><br>
<p>Journalist Arthur Brisbane, who interviewed Eddy, described the home as "simple and unpretentious".</p><br>
<h3>After Eddy</h3><br>
<p>After Eddy&#39;s death in 1910, it was owned by the board of directors of her church, who did nothing with the house for some time. In 1917 they decided to destroy the house; although some of it, including the gazebos and front gate, was salvaged.</p><br>
<p>In 1927, the Board built a rest home on the site. The new building, which still stands today, was called the "Pleasant View Home", and there has sometimes been some confusion over the years since both buildings were called "Pleasant View".</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the church sold the property to the state of New Hampshire which used it as a residence for mental patients of a state hospital.</p><br>
<p>Herbert and Katherine Jacobs Second House, often called Jacobs II, is a historic house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and built in 1946–1948 west of Madison, Wisconsin, United States. The house was the second of two designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for journalist Herbert Jacobs and his wife Katherine. Its design is unusual among Wright&#39;s works; he called the style the "Solar Hemicycle" due to its semicircular layout and use of natural materials and orientation to conserve solar energy. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>By the 1940s when Wright designed this house, he had been working in architecture for fifty years. He had started in 1887 as a draftsman working under other architects in Chicago. In 1893 he struck out on his own and began to shift from designing traditional buildings (e.g. Queen Anne style) to his then-modern Prairie Style buildings, like his 1908 Airplane House 15 miles east in Madison, which is all straight lines with an emphasis on the horizontal. Wright advocated an "organic architecture," where the building complemented its surroundings, rather than plopping a little knob of European antiquity on the Midwest prairie. He felt the design should highlight the natural beauty of the materials and the site, and the interior should flow into the outdoors. Through the 1910s Wright experienced personal turmoils and in the 1920s commissions for his Prairie Style homes waned, but in the 1930s he became more popular again, getting a big commission in 1936 for the Johnson Wax Headquarters in Racine. In Johnson Wax and other buildings from this period he experimented with curved shapes more than before.</p><br>
<p>Not much was done with passive solar heating in modern buildings in the USA until Fred Keck noticed in 1933 that his demonstration glass House of Tomorrow was warming inside on a winter day in Chicago before the furnace was installed. MIT and Columbia investigated solar-heated buildings in the late 1930s, and in 1940 the Chicago Tribune called Kecks Sloan house in Glenview, Illinois a "solar house." This last house had south walls of glass with extended eaves designed to admit sun through the glass in winter and shade it in summer – an idea Wright incorporated into the Jacobs second house four years later.</p><br>
<p>In 1936 Herbert Jacobs, a young Madison newspaperman, and his wife Katherine challenged Wright to design them a small house that could be built for $5000, but would have the beauty and style of other Wright designs. Wright accepted that challenge and stripped down his full-on Prairie Style into a small, one-story L-shaped house with limited windows on the street side, but extensive windows facing the garden space inside the L. The design achieved all the ideals above within the $5000 budget. This house, often called Jacobs I, is a pivotal design – considered by many to be the first and purest of Wright&#39;s Usonian houses – his vision for affordable housing in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Building the second house</h2><br>
<p>But the Jacobs first house was small, and they quickly outgrew it. In 1942 they moved to a 52-acre farm nine miles west of Madison. "They had decided to become part-time farmers and thus help the war effort while introducing their children to the joys and hardships of farming, which they hoped would build character and proper sense of values." They initially lived in an old farmhouse, but they liked their first house from Wright and asked him to design them a new house. In July 1943 Wright inspected the farm and chose a site with an oak woods behind and a view of rolling hills and valleys to the south. Wright presented one design to the Jacobs – probably an unused design recycled from another client – but it was not what they wanted. Two months later, Wright presented them a very different rough plan saying, "You are getting another first&#39;. Here is the answer to the problem of what to build on a hilltop exposed to the full sweep of the wind. In fact, it is suitable for almost any spot in the country where there is good drainage, for the house creates its own site and its own view."</p><br>
<p>Wright called his new design the Solar Hemicycle. The houses footprint is a segment of a circle, a design which Wright borrowed from his unbuilt 1942 design for Lloyd Burlingham at El Paso. The inside of the arc is a two-story glass wall facing south, so the low-angled winter sun can warm the ample stone and concrete inside. In summer the wide eave above aims to shade the glass wall from the heat of the higher-angled sun. The outside of the arc faces generally north and is sheltered by an earthen berm which protects the house like the collar of a coat from cold north winds. The glass side echoes the first Jacobs house, facing a private green backyard – in this case a sunken garden surrounded by a stone terrace. Also, the front side has a high band of narrow windows above the berm to admit light and air. The exterior stonework is horizontal limestone slabs laid to suggest natural outcrops, fulfilling Wrights ideal of the structure fitting its site, and the same outcrop-like stonework flows inside the house.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance is a tunnel through the berm. From the tunnel, the visitor emerges onto the terrace at the end of the wall of windows, then enters the house via a glass door. The first floor is one large space seventeen feet deep with the kitchen on one end and a dining room and living room the rest. Wright wrote, "Here in one room is the whole affair of good living – the warmth and invitation of a true home." The floor was a 3.5 inch concrete slab poured over gravel with iron heating pipes carrying hot water for radiant heat – similar to the first Jacobs house. Before the far end of the main room Wright designed a pool in the floor with one side in the house and the other outside. The pool repeats the circle motif and embodies Wright&#39;s ideal of having the indoor space flow smoothly to the outside. (His idea was that it be a fish tank, where the fish could swim in and out.) The circle is also repeated in the shape of the fireplace and the round stone tower at the back wall which contains a staircase to the second story. An open balcony hangs from the rafters, curving around the glass wall side. The space behind was eventually partitioned into four bedrooms. A bathroom is at the same level in the round stone tower.</p><br>
<p>Due to their weight, the house&#39;s stone walls were not built on the concrete floor, as was common in other Wright houses; rather, deep foundations filled with five feet of crushed stone supported the walls. The roof was flat, sealed with tar and gravel, and sloped to direct water to the berm side. The big windows were 1/4-inch plate glass salvaged from old stores. Total floor space was about 2,650 ft&sup2; – significantly larger than the Jacobs first house.</p><br>
<p>Construction took years. After considering Wrights new plan for a bit, the Jacobs decided to go ahead and paid Wright the first installment of his fee – $250 – in March 1944. Wright didnt produce the detailed plans for 2.5 years. Then in October 1946 Wrights apprentices arrived with a bulldozer to scrape out the sunken garden and the space for the house. That winter Herb Jacobs himself dug the holes for the foundations and packed crushed rock into them. In June, Wrights apprentices staked out the location of the house. Jacobs served as his own general contractor and hired a local farmer/stonemason. The mason and his assistants worked for a couple days, then disappeared for six months, busy with other projects. When they resumed laying stone, Katherine herself took over raking the joints. Around that time Wright himself also dropped out of the project, offended by a comment Herbert had written in We Chose the Country. The Jacobs took the opportunity to deviate from Wright&#39;s design a bit, converting the outside of the fish pond to a plunge pool, shortening the glass doors so their children could operate them, and adding a "root cellar" – a square room hidden between the house and the berm. This was a practical feature that Jacobs had requested, but Wright had not fit into the plan. The Jacobs sold their farmhouse, thinking the new house would be ready for move-in by July 1948, but they were too optimistic, so the family moved into the root cellar July 8. They moved into the main house at the end of August 1948.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the move-in, Wright reappeared outside by the sunken garden looking at the project. "Invited in, he toured the house, had a piece of apple pie, and left without ever mentioning the eight month estrangement, perhaps relieved... to find the house had been built without significant deviations from his plans." After that, Wright helped them finish the house, sending a bulldozer to shape the berm. Over the following months Jacobs finished the bedroom partitions. It was 1958 when he finally built the dining room table Wright had designed.</p><br>
<h2>After construction</h2><br>
<p>Wright went on to design other houses as sections of circles. He offered a mirror image of the Jacobs II design (with a room added in place of the Jacobs&#39; "root cellar") to E.L. Marting in 1947 and to Donald Grover in 1950, but these houses were not built. Other hemicycle houses were built: the 1948 Meyer house in Galesburg, Michigan, the 1949 Laurent house in Rockford Illinois, and the 1950 Pearce house in Bradbury, California. None of these was oriented to catch the sun, so they were hemicycles, but not solar.</p><br>
<p>Wright and the Jacobs remained friends for life. Wright sometimes brought a prospective client by to look at the house and the Jacobs visited at Taliesin from time to time. The Jacobs&#39; daughter eventually married into the Taliesin family. Wright died in 1959. The Jacobs semi-retired in 1962 and moved to California to be near the daughter. In 1978 Herb published a book about their experiences: Building with Frank Lloyd Wright: An Illustrated Memoir.</p><br>
<p>William R. Taylor, a history professor at the UW, bought the house from the Jacobs in 1962. The Taylors lived there until 1968, then moved out and rented the house to students for thirteen years. Son Bill Taylor bought the house in 1983 and renovated it, addressing some of the issues that had emerged in the 35 years since construction. He had John Frieburger and Associates rebuild the window wall, replacing single-pane glass with more efficient triple-pane windows, and replacing the dry-rotting wooden frames. (The new frames are simplified from what Wright designed.) Investigating why the house was hard to heat, they found that the heating pipes in the floor had been laid in the gravel under the concrete with no insulation underneath, and the gravel had settled so there was a gap between it and the concrete, so much of the heat went down instead of up. They broke out the old floor and repoured it, with insulation beneath and with the pipes in the concrete. Taylor also added a hot air furnace and air conditioning, repartitioned the four small bedrooms into three, beefed up the joists and rafters, and added skylights to naturally illuminate some dark areas better.</p><br>
<p>The Grahamsville Historic District is a historic district located along both sides of NY 55 just east of that hamlet in the Town of Neversink in Sullivan County, New York, United States. Its church is across the road from Tri-Valley Central School. In 1979 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Five buildings are located on its 20 acres (8 ha). The centerpiece of the district is the Grahamsville Reformed Church, which dates originally to the 1840s. In 1874 it was expanded and a cemetery was added. An 1847 boarding house, also within the district, now serves as a gallery for a local artist.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area of today&#39;s Grahamsville had initially been settled during the colonial era, but raids by Loyalists and their Native allies killed or drove them away during the Revolution. So, after independence, the landowners of the Hardenbergh Patent invited tenants to settle in the area, named after an officer who led a unit killed in the area, once again.</p><br>
<p>The first known house in Grahamsville dates to 1788. The minimal farming opportunities in the region were supplemented by lumber, which the Catskills had in abundance, and soon that business picked up. In 1813 the town of Neversink raised taxes to build a road (now Route 55) from the Neversink River (now dammed to create Neversink Reservoir) to more-established routes at Wawarsing in Ulster County, to the east. The Marenius Dayton House, an impressive Greek Revival building in the district, was an inn and official stagecoach stop during this era</p><br>
<p>Lumbering gave way to tanning, as the Catskills&#39; vast Eastern hemlock stands had plenty of tannin in their bark. Judge Stoddard Hammond became rich through this industry, building a tannery complex along nearby Chestnut Creek and a Gothic Revival cottage overlooking it in 1857. Like many Catskill tanners, he did extremely well during the Civil War, supplying the Union Army with all its leather.</p><br>
<p>He sold the tannery and its associated properties, including a Greek Revival company store that still survives, to his partner John Reynolds New York City after the war. Reynolds kept the tannery going, even after the Panic of 1873, and the citizens of Grahamsville were able to build their church, meeting house and cemetery at the east end of the district the following year. But in 1878 he finally closed it, and the hamlet&#39;s tanning days were ended.</p><br>
<p>With the pollution from the tanneries gone, Sullivan County became a summer resort destination in the late 19th century. The Italian villa-style Southwick House, dating to 1882, is representative of this period.</p><br>
<p>That business either faded or shifted southwards after the 1920s, and Grahamsville reverted to its farming and lumbering days. The center of the hamlet is now to the west of the district, near the junction of routes 42 and 55, in the wake of the construction of Tri-Valley Central School and Rondout Reservoir to the east. The buildings from Grahamsville&#39;s early years are still mostly intact.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The six elements of the district are:</p><br>
<p>The Marenius Dayton House,</p><br>
<p>The 1857 House, a Gothic revival cottage,</p><br>
<p>The Southwick House,</p><br>
<p>Tannery Store, now a private residence,</p><br>
<p>The Grahamsville Rural Cemetery, and</p><br>
<p>the Grahamsville Reformed Church and its accompanying Memorial Hall</p><br>
<p>The Alex. Brown & Sons building is a historic structure located at 135 East Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland. During the 20th century it served as the corporate headquarters for the banking firm Alex. Brown & Sons, the oldest in the United States when it was purchased by Bankers Trust in 1997. The two-story building, completed in 1901 and designed by the partnership of J. Harleston Parker and Douglas H. Thomas. Jr., survived the 1904 Baltimore fire. The building was modified on the Calvert Street side and in the interior by the firm Beecher, Friz, and Gregg in 1905.</p><br>
<p>The building was sold to Chevy Chase Bank in 1997. A plaque on the side of the building states:</p><br>
<p>A thorough historical renovation of the building was completed in 1996 when it was reopened as a traditional retail bank branch. The beautiful stained glass dome, probably the work of Baltimore artist Gustave Baumstark (who studied under both Louis C. Tiffany and John LaFarge) was cleaned and refurbished. The marble columns and the plaster moldings of the great banking hall were restored to their original designs. During the renovation the original teller line was reconstructed. Even such details as the design and placement of the freestanding furniture now in existence in the bank branch were designed to mimic the original furniture.</p><br>
<p>The Alex. Brown & Sons Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It was reported in May 2021 that the building had been leased for the set of the Disney-FX film pilot The Spook Who Sat by the Door, based on the novel of the same name.</p><br>
<p>The Jaite Mill Historic District, also known as Jaite, is a nationally recognized historic district in Cuyahoga and Summit counties in the USA state of Ohio. Built in 1903 as the Jaite Company Paper Mill, its center is at the intersection of Vaughn and Riverview roads, north of the crossing of Interstates 80 and 271.</p><br>
<p>On May 21, 1979, the former company town was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Today it is the trailhead of several hiking routes in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park, and is on the way to the Boston Mills and Brandywine ski resorts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Jaite Company Paper Mill was the brain child of Charles Jaite, who founded the company on September 18, 1905. The mill remained in operation through 1951 and was then sold because of increasing competition in the south. After the property was sold to various owners, including Tecumseh who used the plant for making boxes, it ceased operation and was partially dismantled in 1984, some 5 years after the mill was included in the National Register of Historic Places. The remains of the factory can be seen on the Erie Canal Scenic Pathway somewhere around mile marker 19 or 20, between lock 31 and 32. When the factory&#39;s operation began to decline, the community of Jaite declined as well.</p><br>
<p>Charles Jaite purchased the section of land along Riverview Road in 1906 and along Vaughn Road in 1917 to provide housing for the workers of his paper mill. It had "houses and a dormitory, and also a general store, post office, and railway station". Today, most of the buildings of Jaite still exist, painted yellow. Some are occupied by businesses but most are occupied by operations of the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Fort Nathan Hale, also known as Fort Hale Park, Black Rock, is a 20 acre city park located on the east shore of New Haven Harbor in New Haven, Connecticut. It includes the site of a 1659 fort, a Revolutionary War-era fort, and a Civil War-era fort. The fort was named after Nathan Hale, Connecticut&#39;s official hero. Since 1921, the site has been owned by the state of Connecticut. It has been used as a park and maintained as a historical site by the City of New Haven. Educational programs are given throughout the year to students attending local schools.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. In 1970 the listing included three contributing buildings, one contributing site, and three contributing structures.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In early 1776, the colony of Connecticut commissioned the construction of a fort on a point of rock that stretched out into the harbor to protect the port of New Haven from the British. This was the location of an earlier unnamed fort from circa 1657, and on this site was erected Black Rock Fort. Unfortunately for the colonists, in 1779 British General William Tryon, during his raid of Connecticut coastal communities, captured Black Rock Fort along with its nineteen defenders, but only after they had run out of ammunition. The British burned the barracks as they left. From 1807 to 1812, the abandoned fort was reconstructed with six guns as Fort Nathan Hale under the second system of US fortifications, and it served to defend the port from the British once again during the War of 1812. In 1863, Fort Nathan Hale II was built alongside the original fort, out of concern that Southern raiders might strike the city during the Civil War, but the fort saw no battle action. This fort contained deep, earthen, bomb-proof bunkers and mounted 18 guns. Unusually, the fort was partially demolished after the war. In the Spanish–American War of 1898, an "emergency" battery of six 10-inch Rodman guns was built, as the Spanish fleet potentially threatened the east coast.</p><br>
<h2>The fort as a historical recreation area</h2><br>
<p>The site has been known as a historic site since 1921, when Congress deeded the fort to the State, which turned it over to the city to maintain. The site was turned into a popular bathing and picnic area but pollution and the hurricane of 1938 brought such recreation to an end. The site, neglected, became overgrown and the fort fell into decay. In 1967, the Fort Nathan Hale Restoration Project was founded by a group of concerned citizens interested in the restoration and preservation of Fort Nathan Hale.</p><br>
<p>Brought back to life in time for the nation&#39;s bicentennial, Fort Nathan Hale was rededicated on July 5, 1976. Both Fort Nathan Hale and Black Rock Fort have been reconstructed and include a newly restored drawbridge, moat, ramparts, powder magazines and "bombproof" bunker. Through the efforts of FNHRP, funds are raised annually to maintain, staff and promote the facility.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the reconstructed forts, the site features a memorial flag court with replicas of flags flown during the Colonial Era, the American Revolution, War of 1812, the Civil War, and today. The court also features a copy of the Nathan Hale statue by Bela Lyon Pratt that was dedicated at Yale University in 1914 (another copy of the statue stands outside CIA headquarters in Virginia). The statue depicts a young Hale, hands bound behind his back, just before being executed by British forces for espionage.</p><br>
<p>Each year over 7,000 visitors from countries around the world tour the historic site.</p><br>
<p>Milton House is a historic building located at 18 South Janesville Street in Milton, Wisconsin. It was a stop on the Underground Railroad, a network of people and places that facilitated the movements of escaped slaves. The building has been asserted to be the first grout building built in the United States; although that claim is dubious, the house&#39;s grout construction apparently was influential. The AIA Journal called it the "Oldest standing concrete structure of any consequence." It is also known for its hexagonal shape.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Milton House is a grout building consisting of a three-story hexagonal section with a two-story hexagonal wing. The hotels main rooms are located within the tower, which has a central spiral stairway with rooms on the sides; the common rooms are on the first floor, while the upper floors and the wing contain guest rooms. The houses grout construction inspired Orson Squire Fowler, an advocate of octagonal homes, to recommend the use of grout in such buildings. Behind the house is the Goodrich Cabin, which was built in 1837 and brought to the site in 1839; it was one of two cabins in which Goodrich lived when he first settled in Milton.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Goodrich, the founder of Milton, settled in Milton in 1839; he built a log cabin, since demolished, and brought the 1837 cabin to the site. Goodrich was a Seventh Day Baptist from the Burned-over district of western New York, and like most people of his faith, he was known for his anti-slavery sentiments. Goodrich built the Milton House in 1845, which became a popular stop for travelers due to its location at the intersection of the military road between Chicago and Madison and the road from Janesville to Fort Atkinson. The houses proximity to these routes and the Rock River allowed it to function as a stop on the Underground Railroad; fugitive slaves in Wisconsin frequently followed the river to the area before taking the road to Racine, where a boat could take them to Canada. A tunnel connects the main building to a nearby cabin; while the circumstances in which the tunnel was constructed are unknown, Josephs son Ezra claimed the tunnel was used to hide runaway slaves. Goodrich also hosted prominent abolitionist Sojourner Truth at the house when she visited Milton in the 1860s. Goodrich reportedly brought imported cement by wagon and mixed a fluid grout of cement and sand, pouring it into box forms filled with river water.</p><br>
<p>In 1937 the house was in poor condition, uninhabited, and was threatened with being demolished. The Milton Historical Society acquired and restored the building.</p><br>
<p>The house and cabin are open to the public via guided tours.</p><br>
<p>Milton House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Ten Chimneys was the summer home and gentleman&#39;s farm of Broadway actors Lynn Fontanne and Alfred Lunt, and a social center for American theater. The property is located in Genesee Depot in the Town of Genesee in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States.</p><br>
<p>Ten Chimneys was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2003, for the significance of its owners to the history of performing arts, and for its distinctive architecture and decoration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lynn Fontanne was born in 1887 in England. From childhood she wanted to be an actress, starting as a chorus girl in Cinderella in 1905. In 1916 she came to the USA, and hit real success playing in Dulcy in 1921.</p><br>
<p>Alfred Lunt, Jr. was born in 1892 in Milwaukee, the son of a Wisconsin lumberman. He was interested in the theater from the age of three, and enjoyed summers working on his aunts farm in Neenah. During the school year he attended Carroll College Academy back in Waukesha, then started at Carroll College, where he majored in oratory, appeared in college plays, and designed, built, and painted scenery. In 1912 he left Carroll and headed east to join a theater company in Boston, where he eventually became a successful stage actor, achieving acclaim in Booth Tarkingtons play Clarence in 1919.</p><br>
<p>Despite his successful, cosmopolitan career, Alfred remained fond of his childhood home in Wisconsin. In 1913 he bought three acres near Genesee Depot that would become Ten Chimneys. In 1915 he had the first section of the house built, described by a visitor as "one enormous room with staircases leading up to a gallery which had doors leading to bedrooms." Alfred&#39;s mother Hattie and his half-siblings lived there year-round, and he joined them in the summers.</p><br>
<p>Lunt and Fontanne fell in love in 1919 when they met backstage at a rehearsal in New York, and they married in 1922. The couples first summer at home with Alfreds mother was strained and in 1924 they set about expanding the chicken coop into a cottage for themselves to live in. The resulting cottage has many details drawn from traditional Swedish farmhouses: corner brick and stucco fireplaces with sloping chimney wings, folk paintings (some painted by Lunt himself), and inscriptions in Swedish throughout the cottage. The exception is Lynn Fontanne&#39;s room upstairs, which is white on white, with a carpet of stitched sheepskins.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 Lunt and Fontanne appeared in their first play together, Sweet Nell of Old Drury. The following year they appeared together in the play The Guardsman, which was highly acclaimed and which they later made into a movie. Over the years they starred together in over 140 Broadway plays, and were considered the first family of American theater.</p><br>
<p>In 1932 Lunt and Fontanne swapped houses with his mother and sister, with Lunt and Fontanne moving into the main house and his mother and sister moving to the Cottage. With that, Lunt renamed the Cottage the "hen house."</p><br>
<p>Over the years Lunt and Fontanne continued building and developing at Ten Chimneys. In 1936 they added the L-shaped swimming pool and the cabana. In 1938 they began remodeling and expanding the house, adding quarters for the cook and housekeeper and extra living space. The design was a collaboration between Lunt and architect Charles Dornbusch of Loebl, Schlossman and Demuth of Chicago, who helped with most of the structures on the estate, including the cottage fourteen years before. In 1939 they added the metal gate around the auto court. In 1947 they completed the new chicken coop (designed with advice from a specialist at the UW Ag Department) and greenhouse, and the gatehouse. Also in 1947 they reconstructed the Studio, a traditional hewn-log building that was taken apart in Sweden, shipped to America, and reassembled for use as a rehearsal space. Flagstone paths and retaining walls were added later to tie the estate together.</p><br>
<p>In his NRHP nomination, Jim Draeger states "the crowning jewel of Ten Chimneys is the finely decorated and furnished interior of the main house." The entry hall features marble tile, hand-painted murals on the walls, a porcelain Swedish stove, and a dramatic spiral staircase that leads to the second level. On that level are the kitchen and what the Lunts called the Flirtation Room, which leads to other parts of the house, including the Music Room, with a fireplace and hand-painted murals depicting Biblical scenes like baby Moses among the bullrushes. The murals were painted by artist Claggett Wilson starting in 1938, when the house was expanded. The library has a secret passage through a bookshelf. The upper level contains bedrooms, with murals showing peasants farming and wildlife. Lynns bedroom is again colored light, with a Swedish fireplace. Alfreds bedroom is simpler, also with its own Swedish corner fireplace.</p><br>
<p>Ten Chimneys was also a farm, though that may seem hard to reconcile with a Flirtation Room. As a child Lunt enjoyed working in the fields and that continued as an adult. Once while visiting the Oliviers in England, he wrote home: "...I had a high old time as their garden was full of weeds & did I go to it..." From the initial three acres, the farm at Ten Chimneys grew to over 100. Lunt was absent much of the year, so in 1929 he hired Ben Perkins of Mukwonago as overseer. While Lunt was away, he and Perkins exchanged letters about matters like the used silo filler they bought for $65. (Lunt was cost-conscious.) They started a large vegetable garden in 1939 and an orchard later. In 1941, Alfred and Lynn bought each other cows as Christmas gifts - the first two cows on the farm. In 1942 the farm included four cows, some pigs and up to 200 chickens. To support the animals, they grew 6 acres of corn, 7 acres of oats, four of alfalfa, one of clover and 3/4 acres of wheat. The milk from the cows was made into butter, with some eaten on the farm and some sold locally. Some butter, meat and vegetables were shipped to the Lunts in New York and even in Europe during WWII, when rationing made them hard to obtain otherwise. Alfred recalled in 1956: Im just a country boy who happens to be an actor. But fashionable parties and clever talk - all that sort of thing - well, yknow, it bores me stiff. I&#39;d rather listen to my chickens clucking any time.</p><br>
<p>During their careers, Fontanne and Lunt retreated to Ten Chimneys every summer for personal and artistic rejuvenation. A host of stage and screen luminaries made pilgrimages to Genesee Depot as guests of the Lunts, including Noël Coward, Helen Hayes, Orson Welles, Laurence Olivier, and Vivien Leigh. Carol Channing said, "If you get to go to Ten Chimneys, you must have done something right."</p><br>
<p>Upon retirement, the Lunts returned to Ten Chimneys and spent the rest of their lives at their beloved home in Genesee Depot, with Alfred dying in 1977 and Lynn in 1983.</p><br>
<h3>Opening to the public</h3><br>
<p>In 1996 arts advocate Joseph W. Garton, a restaurateur in Madison, Wisconsin, purchased Ten Chimneys, and Ten Chimneys Foundation was established to preserve and share the estate. The foundation then purchased the property from Garton in 1998.</p><br>
<p>As a historic property, the estate was exceptionally well preserved, since the Lunts original furniture, decorations, and personal items were barely disturbed between Lynn Fontannes death in 1983 and the beginning of preservation efforts by Ten Chimneys Foundation in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Ten Chimneys Foundation opened the estate to the public for the first time on May 26, 2003, which would have been the Lunts 81st wedding anniversary. The estate remains open for public tours from May through November. Ten Chimneys Foundation also continues to fulfill the estates original role as a home for the arts by providing programming and resources for theater professionals.</p><br>
<p>Tower Life Building  is a 31-story building and a historical landmark in Downtown San Antonio, Texas, USA. Completed in 1929 and standing at 404 ft tall, Tower Life Building was the tallest building and structure in San Antonio until the Tower of the Americas was completed in 1968, and the Marriott Rivercenter surpassed it as the tallest building in San Antonio in 1988. As of 2023, Tower Life Building is the 4th tallest building in San Antonio and the tallest eight-sided structure in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Designed by noted local architectural firm Ayres & Ayres (Atlee & Robert M. Ayres), the neo-gothic tower has a brick and terra-cotta octagonal exterior, featuring gothic elements (such as grotesques, often misidentified as gargoyles) and an iconic green roof of Ludowici tile. The internal structure is reinforced concrete on the lower floors, and steel frame on the upper floors.</p><br>
<p>A television transmission antenna topped the tower from 1953 until 2010, when the tower reverted to the original design of a copper tophouse with a tall flagpole. In 1991 the building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>After 78 years of ownership by the H. B. Zachry Family, the building was purchased in May 2022 by an ownership group composed of San Antonio developers Ed Cross, Jon Wiegand, and McCombs Enterprises. This ownership group plans to usher in new era for the building as a residence with 244 units for rent, expected to be completed in 2026.</p><br>
<h2>Greater 1920s Development</h2><br>
<p>Originally known as Smith-Young Tower, the tower was the central component of a partially completed 1920s development called the Bowen Island Skyscrapers. The other completed building in the development is the former Plaza Hotel (also designed by Ayres & Ayres and opened in 1927), which became the local outlet of Hilton Hotels in 1956 and was converted into the Granada Apartments in 1966. Subsequent structures in the development were never built as a direct result of the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression.</p><br>
<h2>Sears, Roebuck & Company</h2><br>
<p>The tower housed San Antonios first Sears, Roebuck & Company store, originally occupying the buildings basement and first 4 levels. Opening on March 7, 1929, Sears, Roebuck & Co. was the first portion of the building opened to the public, with 35,000 items on display and 225 members of staff.</p><br>
<p>A famous purchase at this Sears, Roebuck & Co. took place on Nov. 17, 1934 when San Antonio Postmaster Dan Quill purchased multiple wedding rings from the jewelry counter on behalf of his friend Lyndon Baines Johnson, who was getting married later that day. Uncertain of the size, 12 wedding rings were purchased, with the one fitting Lady Bird Johnson&#39;s finger – and ultimately being selected – costing $2.98.</p><br>
<h2>Names through Time</h2><br>
<p>When Smith-Young Tower emerged from receivership under a new owner (Dallas Rupe & Son., Inc.) in the mid-1930s, a competition was held for newspaper readers to write in with suggestions of a new name for the tower. The winning entry was submitted by school teachers Mr. & Mrs. Howard Doolittle, and the tower&#39;s name was changed to Pan-American Tower in 1938. In 1942, the building was renamed Transit Tower for the San Antonio Transit Company, which was purchased by Dallas Rupe & Son., Inc. and had its headquarters in the building. On Dec. 15, 1943, the tower was acquired by Citizens Republic Life Insurance company. In 1960, the insurance company announced it would change its name to Tower Life Insurance company, and the name of the building would change to Tower Life Building.</p><br>
<h2>Popular Culture</h2><br>
<h3>Film</h3><br>
<p>Tower Life Building&#39;s exterior is featured prominently in the 1984 movie Cloak & Dagger. The building also appears in the background of scenes in the 2000 movie Miss Congeniality.</p><br>
<h3>Television</h3><br>
<p>The tower has been a fixture on evening news backdrops.</p><br>
<h2>Myths</h2><br>
<p>Contrary to frequently-repeated stories along the River Walk, neither of the initial owners (Jim Smith nor Albert Smith) ended their lives by jumping from the tower during the Great Depression.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Turner Hall is a historic athletic club facility at 1034 North 4th Street in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Named using the German "Turnen", meaning gymnastics or physical fitness, it is significant for its association with the American Turners, a German-American athletic, cultural, and political association. The Milwaukee group was founded in 1853 under the title, "Socialist Turnverein&quot its leaders included Socialist Congressman Victor Berger. The building is one of the largest and most distinctive surviving buildings associated with the Turner movement, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1996. It is now used as a performance and meeting venue.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Turner movement was founded in Germany in 1811 by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn as a gymnastic association called Turnverein, encouraging harmonious development of mind and body - to some extent a reaction to French domination during the Napoleonic Wars. After the failed revolutions of 1848, German political and economic refugees came to America, and some brought Turner ideas with them.</p><br>
<p>The Turner Society in Milwaukee grew and by the 1880s they needed a new meeting hall. The building was designed by architect Henry C. Koch, and was completed in 1882, with an addition in 1899. In keeping with the Turner movements philosophy, the interior is decorated with artwork, including rare murals by German immigrant artists. Stained glass windows are adorned with political slogans relating to the Turners progressive political stances.</p><br>
<p>Turner Hall stands in Milwaukee&#39;s Westown downtown area, on the east side of North 4th Street between West Highland Avenue and West State Street. It is a four-story masonry building, built out of brick in a High Victorian style. Its front facade is elaborate, with projecting gabled sections near the outer corners, and a central entrance set deeply recessed under another projection. The central section rises to a five-story pyramid-capped tower. The interior includes a ballroom with balcony level, restaurant and beer hall and meeting rooms. A gymnasium with modernized facilities is located in the building basement.</p><br>
<p>In 1994 the Governor proclaimed Turner Hall one of the "Ten Most Endangered Historic Sites" in Wisconsin. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996. In 2000, The Milwaukee Turners established the Turner Ballroom Preservation Trust to renovate and maintain the building. It now hosts a wide variety of concerts. The Turner Hall Ballroom was awarded the "Venue of the Year" at the 2010 Wisconsin Area Music Industry (WAMI) awards.</p><br>
<p>Eugene Pioneer Cemetery  Cemetery) is a pioneer cemetery in Eugene, Oregon, United States. It is one of the three oldest cemeteries in Eugene. It is the largest in both acreage and burials encompassing 16 acre with approximately 5,000 burials.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was founded in 1872 by the Spencer Butte Lodge No. 9 of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. The cemetery is located adjacent to the campus of the University of Oregon but is not affiliated with the college. It is situated across University Street from McArthur Court and is behind the Knight Library. In at least three sessions of the Oregon State Legislature, bills were introduced which would have allowed the University of Oregon to condemn the property, remove graves, and build on the land; the last attempt was in January 1963 with the submission of studies presented to the University of Oregon by the Springfield architecture firm of Lutes and Amundson. All of the legislative bills died in committee. The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Notable burials in the cemetery include Louis Renninger, who was awarded the Medal of Honor in the American Civil War. Renninger is one of one hundred and forty-five Civil War veterans buried in the cemetery. There is also a section for Spanish–American War veterans and there are many veterans from World War I and World War II.</p><br>
<h2>G.A.R. burial plot</h2><br>
<p>The "signature" of the Eugene Pioneer Cemetery is the Grand Army of the Republic burial plot located near the center of the cemetery. The plot was purchased in 1887 by the Gen. John W. Geary post of the Eugene G.A.R. There are fifty-seven known graves in the plot including fifty-one Civil War veterans and six women and children. In the center of the plot stands a twenty-five-foot statue of a Union soldier. In 1903, Union veteran John Covells estate, valued at $2,500, specified that a monument be placed at the G.A.R. plot where he was laid to rest. The bequest was challenged in court by Covells relatives, but a Eugene judge ruled in favor of the G.A.R. The statue was carved in Vermont and shipped by rail to Eugene. The 8 ST statue was brought to the cemetery by an eight horse team and raised by block and tackle. In December 2001, vandals broke the head of the statue off and pulverized it. Local artist David Miller was commissioned to sculpt a replacement. An 800-pound block of blue marble was obtained from the same Vermont quarry where the original statue was carved one hundred years before. The new head was installed in February 2003 and dedicated that Memorial Day.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 the G.A.R. plot underwent a major restoration by the Col. Edward D. Baker camp of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>James Henry Dickey Henderson (1810–1885), USA Representative from Oregon</p><br>
<p>Harrison R. Kincaid (1836–1920), Oregon Secretary of State</p><br>
<p>Louis Renninger (1841–1908), Medal of Honor recipient in the Civil War</p><br>
<p>David M. Risdon (1821–1905), pioneer lawyer, judge, member of Oregon Territorial Legislature</p><br>
<p>Joshua J. Walton (1838–1909), pioneer lawyer, judge, regent of the University of Oregon</p><br>
<p>Holy Assumption Orthodox Church , also known as Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, is a Russian Orthodox parish church in Kenai, Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska, United States. Completed in 1896, it is the oldest-standing Russian Orthodox church in Alaska</p><br>
<p>Today the church is a member of the Orthodox Church in America Diocese of Alaska and further the Kenai Deanery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Alaska became a diocese in the Russian Orthodox Church in 1840, and the Church&#39;s popularity in the Kenai Peninsula region grew, particularly among the Kenaitze, the native people of the peninsula. Bishop Innocent created six parishes in Alaska, including one for the Kenai region. The first chapel was built that same year by the Russian-American Company near the village of Kenai within Fort St. Nicholas. The first priest to serve the parish, Igumen Nikolai Militov, arrived in 1844 and served until his death in 1869.</p><br>
<p>Igumen Nikolai oversaw the construction of a church in 1849 on a different portion of the lot. He opened a school in the early 1860s, and Russian became the principal language in both education and commerce. The church served as a vital method of assimilating the natives to the Russian culture. In addition to religious and educational purposes, the church served as an administrative and judicial center for the region.</p><br>
<p>Built from 1895 to 1896, the church was the second Orthodox church at the site, replacing the 1849 structure. The church was built from logs in the Pskov style, that is in the shape of a ship. The bell tower was completed later in 1900. The interior contains an elaborate iconostasis.</p><br>
<p>The Chapel of St. Nicholas was built in 1906. It rests over the graves of Igumen Nikolai, his assistant and reader Makari Ivanov, and an unrecorded monk. The chapel sits on the site of the original chapel, across the street from the church, on a bluff overlooking the confluence of the Kenai River and Cook Inlet. The rectory was built in 1881 and is considered the oldest building in the Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The church site, including the rectory, cemetery, and chapel, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970. and</p><br>
<h2>List of priests</h2><br>
<p>Early on, the parish was served by priests who emigrated from Russia. From 1860, Nikolai Militov and Makary Ivanov, in whose honor the Chapel of St. Nicholas was built, traveled the region and vaccinated thousands of Dena&#39;ina from smallpox. Militov died in 1867.</p><br>
<p>1838: Bishop Innocent Veniaminov ordered a resident priest for Kenai</p><br>
<p>1844-1867: Igumen Nikolai Militov (Abbot Nicholas)</p><br>
<p>1867-1877: Songleader Makary Ivanov</p><br>
<p>1881-1886: Hieromonk Nikita</p><br>
<p>1886-1890: Nicholas Mitropolsky</p><br>
<p>1891-1896: Father Alexander Yaroshevich</p><br>
<p>1896-1908: Father John Bortnovsky</p><br>
<p>1906-1952: Father Paul Shadura</p><br>
<p>1952-1969: Songleader Deacon Alexander Ivanoff served with no resident priest. Visiting priests would conduct Easter and other various services.</p><br>
<p>1969-1973: Archimandrite Cyril Bulashevich</p><br>
<p>1970-1972: Father Michael Oskolkoff and Simeon Oskolkoff served as visiting priests</p><br>
<p>1974-1991: Father Macarius Targonsky</p><br>
<p>1992-1993: Father Paul Merculief served as a visiting priest</p><br>
<p>1993-1997: Father Sergie Active</p><br>
<p>1998-2003: Father Michael Trefon</p><br>
<p>2003–2018: Father Thomas Andrew</p><br>
<p>2018-2020: Father Daniel Charles</p><br>
<p>2020–present: Father Peter Tobias</p><br>
<p>Ruskin Hall is a residence hall at the University of Pittsburgh and a contributing property to the Schenley Farms National Historic District. Constructed in 1921–22 by H. L. Stevens & Company, with an annex added in 1925–26, it is an eight-story building which is located between the Music Building and Information Sciences Building between Ruskin and Bellefield Avenues near Fifth Avenue on Pitt&#39;s main campus in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Ruskin Hall recently underwent a $19.4 million conversion and renovation from medical student housing into undergraduate apartment-style housing that opened in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally built in 1921–22 by H. L. Stevens & Company as the Ruskin Apartments, an annex facing Bellefield Avenue was added in 1925–26. The building has long seen usage by Pitt students, including use as the meeting place of the Omega Delta fraternity until the fall of 1926. Pitt purchased the Ruskin Apartments in February 1958 for $2.24 million ($ in dollars) as an investment, with the intention of using it eventually for faculty residences. Following the purchase, Pitt Chancellor Edward Litchfield held a tea for the 189 remaining tenants, many of whom were elderly, well-to-do widows, to ensure them that their leases and the staff and management would be maintained as long as they wished to stay. With time, the apartments were relinquished giving Pitt full control of the building.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, Richard King Mellon donated $1,075,475 ($ in dollars) to the university to refinance and retain possession of the Ruskin Apartments so they could be used for members of the house staffs of the university-affiliated hospitals and their families.</p><br>
<p>Ruskin Hall has also served as the home for university offices including those of the University of Pittsburgh Press. Through 2007, Ruskin Hall served as the primary residence for medical students and PhD candidates in the basic sciences of medicine, although students of other medical-related schools (including dental, nursing, and pharmacy) could be wait-listed for apartments. Beginning in the summer of 2007, medical student housing was replaced by the Darragh Street Medical Student Housing complex, allowing for a $19.4 million renovation by Graves Design Group to convert Ruskin Hall into undergraduate apartment-style housing was completed for fall 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Previously serving as a primary residence for medical students, Ruskin Hall contained 176 studio, efficiency, or one- to two-bedroom apartments each containing a living room, one to two bathrooms, and a kitchen. A ground floor study area, central courtyard, and laundry facilities were available and the building was outfitted with central air conditioning.</p><br>
<p>A $19.4 million renovation was completed in 2008 that converted the Hall into an undergraduate residence hall with 178 apartment-style units with 416 beds in one, two, and three-person apartments and single-person efficiency apartments. The furnished apartments include private baths and kitchens and have cable and internet connection. Commons areas are also equipped with wireless internet. A University of Pittsburgh Police mini-station in Ruskin Hall was also part of the renovation. In 2024, the university installed 240 solar panels on the roof of Ruskin Hall, the first solar panels installed on any of the univeristy&#39;s residence hall rooftops.</p><br>
<p>Harold C. Bradley House, also known as Mrs. Josephine Crane Bradley Residence, is a Prairie School home designed by Louis H. Sullivan and George Grant Elmslie. It is located in the University Heights Historic District of Madison, Wisconsin, United States. A National Historic Landmark, it is one of just a few residential designs by Sullivan, and one of only two Sullivan designs in Wisconsin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When Harold C. Bradley, a biochemistry professor at the UW and a founder of the Hoofers Club, married Josephine Crane, her grandfather Richard T. Crane built this house for them as a present. Money was not a concern, and Crane hired the prestigious Chicago firm of Louis Sullivan to design a large home in the then-popular Prairie style. The house is two stories with a T-shaped footprint, with distinctive cantilevered sections that hold sleeping porches. Though Sullivan was the principal of the firm, George Elmslie may have designed much of the house and furnishings.</p><br>
<p>George Grant Elmslie joined the architectural partnership of Adler & Sullivan in 1888. Following the dismissal of Frank Lloyd Wright from the firm, and especially once the partnership dissolved, Elmslies role under Louis Sullivan increased. Elmslie was entrusted with the design of the main facade of the Gage Building and of all of the details of the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building. The Bradley House was designed at a time when Sullivans architectural practice was starting to fail. Once considered the foremost designer of skyscrapers, Sullivan now struggled to secure commissions and often sparred with clients. The Bradley House was "designed by Elmslie with only occasional suggestions from Sullivan." All drawings of the building were sketched by Elmslie and many of the architectural details are consistent with the style he would develop later in his career with William Gray Purcell. The Bradley House was the last building Elmslie designed while with Sullivan; he left to partner with Purcell in 1909.</p><br>
<p>An elaborate design was initially planned for the Bradley House with a cruciform design. It featured a living room and force to the rear, a library and kitchen on the two wings, and a porte-cochère on the main entrance. Bays projected out of the house, lined with casement windows. However, the Bradleys rejected this draft as too large. Elmslie reenvisioned the house on a smaller scale and included a pair of cantilevered sleeping porches on the second floor. Sullivan was probably responsible for the idea of the sleeping porches, though Elmslie was responsible for integrating them into the final design. Elmslie was not satisfied with the result when the house was completed.</p><br>
<p>The Bradleys lived in the house only a few years. Even after reducing the size, they still found it too big and expensive to maintain. They hired George Elmslie again, now partnered with William Purcell, to design a smaller Prairie style home with sleeping porches about two miles to the northwest at 2914 Oxford Road in Shorewood Hills. They moved there around 1915. Since then, the first house has been occupied and maintained by the Sigma Phi Society, University of Wisconsin–Madison chapter.</p><br>
<p>The Harold C. Bradley House was entered in the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976. The blueprints of the Bradley House are held in the Illinois History and Lincoln Collections at the University of Illinois Library in Urbana–Champaign.</p><br>
<p>Bradley House Madison.jpg</p><br>
<p>Bradley House living room.jpgLiving room</p><br>
<p>Bradley House wall lamp.jpg</p><br>
<p>Bradley House dining room.jpgDining room</p><br>
<p>Bradley House staircase.jpg</p><br>
<p>Bradley House staircase detail.jpg</p><br>
<p>Bradley House staircase balustrade.jpg</p><br>
<p>Bradley House chair.jpg</p><br>
<p>Bradley House built-in desk.jpgBuilt-in desk</p><br>
<p>Bradley House study.jpgStudy</p><br>
<p>Bradley House ceiling lamp.jpg</p><br>
<p>Bradley House study - detail.jpg</p><br>
<p>Bradley House study - fireplace art tiles.jpgArt tiles in fireplace</p><br>
<p>The Dousman Hotel, is a historic hotel located at the intersection of Fisher Street and River Road in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. The hotel was built in 1864–65 to serve railroad and steamboat travelers coming to the city. The hotel was named after Hercules L. Dousman, an early Wisconsin fur trader, land speculator and millionaire.</p><br>
<p>The hotel operated until the 1920s; it was later converted to a meatpacking plant. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960 for its significance as one of the last grand hotels to survive from the 19th century railroad and steamboat era. In the early 21st century, it was undergoing restoration. Its ground floor has opened as a restaurant and event venue known as the Dousman House.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Dousman Hotel is a three-story brick building with a Mid-Victorian design. Due to additions and neglect, many of the buildings decorative features are no longer intact. The brick quoins at the corners and arched moldings around the windows are the most prominent remaining elements of the original design. The hotel once had a square cupola and a bracketed cornice; both have been removed, though the cupola was eventually replaced. The buildings original front porch, which ran along the center block of the front facade, is also gone. The hotel&#39;s original interior included fifty-one guest rooms and a dining room, though these were later gutted.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad built the Dousman Hotel next to its train depot in 1864–65. The hotel was named for fur trader Hercules L. Dousman, who had interests in both the steamboat and railroad industries, as well as lumber and real estate. At the time he was regarded as Prairie du Chien&#39;s most prominent resident and became a millionaire before his death, when there were few in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Travelers on both the river and the railroad frequented the hotel, which was considered the most luxurious of the citys hotels at the time. The hotels proximity to the Milwaukee and Mississippi station made it a convenient choice for rail travelers. The hotel was a financial success and remained in operation through 1925.</p><br>
<p>After its closure, meatpacking plants occupied the hotel from 1939 to 1952; during this time, several additions were placed on the hotel, and its original interior was destroyed. The hotel was used for storage by other businesses after 1952, but by the 1960s it had been abandoned and became derelict. The building has since been restored, and an event center now operates in this space.</p><br>
<p>Van Hise Rock is a rock monolith located along Wisconsin Highway 136 near Rock Springs, Wisconsin. The rock is a geologically significant outcropping of Baraboo Quartzite.</p><br>
<p>It serves as a monument to Charles Van Hise, a prominent Wisconsin geologist who studied the area extensively. The rock was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Van Hise Rock is made of Baraboo quartzite, a type of pink-purple quartzite found in south central Wisconsin. It is one of the best-exposed parts of the Baraboo Range, a ring of quartzite hills that passes through Columbia and Sauk Counties. The quartzite in the range was formed as sandstone during the Precambrian Supereon; then a greenschist phase changed it to quartzite.</p><br>
<p>The monolith is located in a wayside on Wisconsin Highway 136, about 3/4 mile north of the intersection with Wisconsin Highway 154 near the village of Rock Springs. The wayside provides visitor access to the rock.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The rock is named in honor of Charles Van Hise, a prominent geologist who chaired the University of Wisconsin Department of Mineralogy and Geology. Among his significant accomplishments in geology and politics, Van Hise determined how the quartzite in the Baraboo Range had formed. Building on earlier discoveries that the quartzite formed in the Precambrian Era and had metamorphosed, Van Hise was able to determine the forces that deformed the rock; his discoveries helped form the key principles of structural geology. Van Hise also used his studies of the quartzite&#39;s conversion from sandstone to write the Treatise on Metamorphism in 1904, the first publication to describe the process of metamorphism in detail. University of Wisconsin geologists used Van Hise Rock to demonstrate the properties and principles which Van Hise discovered; the rock is still used in geological education and research.</p><br>
<p>Soldiers Home Reef, also known as Rocky Point, National Military Asylum Reef, or Veterans Hill is a fossilized coral reef rock formation in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The reef formation was discovered by geologist Increase A. Lapham in the 1830s. It and other fossilized coral reefs that he discovered were the first geological reef formations described in North America, and are among the first described in the world. This reef was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>The formation is located northeast of the junction of Wood Avenue and General Mitchell Boulevard, on the Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center grounds. It consists of the lower 35 ft of a 70 ft high bluff extending east–west for a distance of about 450 ft. The bluff is the only fully natural formation of its type remaining in Milwaukee County. It is located on the northern border of the VA grounds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Soldiers Home Reef was formed during the Silurian period of the Paleozoic Era, about 400 million years ago, when Wisconsin lay under a shallow tropical sea. Beneath that sea, ancient corals constructed the reef where trilobites, cephalopods, brachiopods, pelmatozoans, bivalves, and bryozoans lived and were eventually preserved as limestone. In more recent geologic time, the hard limestone mound was overrun by one or more glaciers, but resisted the grinding action, forming a roche moutonnée, which was then covered by glacial deposits, then exposed again by the Menomonee Rivers erosion.</p><br>
<p>The formation was first identified as archaeologically important by Increase Lapham, an amateur geologist who is considered Wisconsins first great scientist. He collected various fossils here in the 1830s, at Schoonmaker Reef in Wauwatosa in the 1840s, and at other sites nearby. Lapham was aware that these blocks of fossil-dense limestone were quite different from the surrounding rock formations, but didnt grasp that these were reefs. Instead he thought they must be remnants of a larger layer of fossil-bearing limestone that had eroded away.</p><br>
<p>In the 1850s Lapham sent some of his fossils to be identified by paleontologist James Hall in New York. Hall was interested in the finds and visited Milwaukee in the 1850s. Looking at the remnant fossilized coral mound at Soldiers&#39; Home Reef and others like it, Hall noticed their difference from the surrounding flat rocks, and realized that the mounds were not remnants of a larger layer, but were individual reefs. He published this revelation in 1862 - the first identification of fossilized reefs in North America and among the first in the world. It was one of three formations he identified; the other two have since been destroyed by quarrying and other alterations.</p><br>
<p>Further understanding came when Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin noted that each fossilized reef in the area contained a somewhat different community of creatures, in his 1877 Geology of Eastern Wisconsin. He used comparisons of the Soldiers&#39; Home reef and two others nearby to develop models of ancient reef development.</p><br>
<p>The formation continued to be of significant interest to paleontologists until 1939. The two other limestone mounds that helped Lapham, Hall and Chamberlin understand the fossilized reefs have been greatly damaged if not destroyed by quarrying, but Soldiers&#39; Home Reef remains much as when they studied it - still a mound with glacial deposits over fossil-bearing limestone.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Army of the Republic Hall is an historic building located at 23 East Downer Place on Stolp Island in Aurora, Illinois, in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Soldier&#39;s Monument Association formed in Aurora in 1869 with the intent of raising funds to construct a monument to veterans of the USA Civil War. The group was very successful, and secretary Fred O. White proposed that a building should be erected in honor of the soldiers instead. White was inspired by a recent visit to Memorial Hall in Foxborough, Massachusetts, and noted that that structure was a useful meeting place and library. The Aurora building was intended to be almost identical to the Foxborough building, though the builders decided not to replicate the granite roof and stained glass. Joseph Mulvey was hired to design the building; no other Mulvey-designed structures have yet been identified.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed on Stolp Island, a small piece of land considered to be "neutral territory" between the east and west sides of Aurora. Stolp Island was a popular spot for public buildings due to increasingly strained relations between the two sides of the river. The GAR Hall was the only public library in Aurora until a Carnegie library opened across the street in 1903. The hall was the meeting place of the Aurora G.A.R. Post No. 20, which was one of 779 posts in the Department of Illinois. Any honorably discharged Union veteran of the war could join the group. The group was formally recognized until the death of its last member, Daniel Augustus Wedge, in 1947.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Army of the Republic Hall was slated for demolition in the 1960s. Public outcry forced the city to change its plans, and a 1963 fundraising campaign provided financial support to rehabilitate the building. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 and was part of the Stolp Island Historic District when it was separately listed in 1986. Renovations were partially completed in 2016, and the hall was opened to the public as "The Grand Army of the Republic Memorial Museum." The G.A.R. Memorial Museum is open every Saturday afternoon, Noon to 4 p.m.</p><br>
<p>The octagonally-shaped building was built with locally quarried limestone. The standing Gothic Revival structure is one and a half stories and features a small lot outside of the building with an 1851 cannon, a bench, and a flagpole. An addition was constructed in 1884 on the south wing, but was demolished during the 1963 restoration.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Fisk Holbrook Day House, also known as Sunnyhill Home, is a historic house at 8000 West Milwaukee Avenue in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. Built in 1874, it was the home of Doctor Fisk Holbrook Day , a prominent local physician and amateur geologist. The stylistically eclectic house was built in part to house Days large collection of artifacts, and is the Milwaukee suburbs only major 19th-century mansion. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997. It is privately owned and not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dr. Fisk Holbrook Day House stands on Wauwatosa&#39;s west side, on the north side of West Milwaukee Avenue just west of Day Court. While originally on an eight acre plot when built, the house sits on just over an acre today. The house, set well back from the road, is accessed via both a long drive from West Milwaukee and a short drive off the west side of Day Court. It is a large -story brick building, with a rectangular main block extended to the rear and side by projections. The main block was previously covered by a mansard roof with patterned red and yellow cedar shingles on a bed of gray, with iron cresting at the top of the steep section. However, this roof was removed and replaced with an unpainted cedar roof in 2019. The projections and a single-story rear ell have steeply pitched gables in the Gothic style. The gables are decorated with ornate bargeboard trim. The front facade, oriented south toward the main road, is three bays wide, each bay stepped back from left to right. The central bay is topped by a mansarded three-story tower. The tower is accessible from the third story via a ladder. The interior has restored high-quality original woodwork and plaster, including a fine central staircase and marble fireplace surrounds. A carriage house originally stood at the east end of the property, but has since been replaced with a modern garage.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1874 for Fisk Holbrook Day to a design by architect James Douglas. It was the third of Day&#39;s houses in Wauwatosa, the other two having since been demolished. It was designed in part specifically to house his growing collection of paleontological artifacts, which are now in the possession of the University of Michigan. A prominent local physician, he was appointed to the county hospital commission, where he was influential in securing reforms of the local mental hospitals. During his free time he collected fossils at regional rock outcroppings, notably the Schoonmaker Reef, and corresponded with numerous high-profile professional geologists and paleontologists of the time.</p><br>
<p>Day moved out of this house after his wife died in 1893. The home last later owned by Mr. and Mrs. Abe Austin Jr., before being converted into multiple units as a rental property. The house fell into disrepair. The pianist Liberace once sought to purchase this home as the location for his museum in 1978. It has since undergone a careful restoration.</p><br>
